,i5 






Class. 
Book. 



.Elrll 



N"_ _____ 



COPyi^lGHT DEPOSIT. 




;1 



COMPLETE 



SCHOOL HISTORY ri 

OF THE 



United States. 



BY ..V' 



5 X/^ 

V 



EDWARD S'AeLLIS, A. M 




PORTER & COATES. y/'; 



E / 7 2 
J 



OorYRIGHT. 1S92, 

Uy rOKTEK >!t COAXES. 



IN^TRODUCTION 



The stiuly of history is so foseinatino: tliat dicression 
is a constant temptation. The record of our ctnnitry 
from tlie tirst settUnnent to the ju-esent time oviu'liows 
with inciiUnits oi' the most strikinu' nature, 'i'lie num- 
herless State, county, and local compilations ]n-ove the 
inexhaustible resources of this mine — resources so limit- 
less as to be practically useless. No memory can retain 
a tithe of the matter, nor is it desirable that such a feat 
should be within the u'rasp of any intellect. 

lUit all should be familiar with the Icadinu' facts in 
the history of our country. It is impossible for any one 
to appreciate his priceless heritage as a citizen of the 
republic without a comprehensive knowledge of the sa- 
lient and instructive features of its birth and existence. 
The story is one of heroic endeavor, patient sufiering, 
sturdy enterprise, patriotic struggle, dauntless courage, 
wonderful }>rogress, and marvelous achievement, that 
has made the United States a beacon-light among the 
nations of the earth. 

That in the swei'}) of events errors have beiMi made 
it would bo idle to deny. Protbund as should be the 
pride o( every American in his birthright. \\c nuist not 

5 



6 iXTRODrcTrox. 

close liij^ eyes to tlio truth, nor admire the sun any tl\e 
less because there are spots upon its taee. " To err is 
human" is as true oi' nations as of individuals. That 
historian only is faithful to his work who aims at unerr- 
iuii' aeeuraey and unvaryin^i; impartiality. 

From the mass o{ material we have souuht to select 
and group those facts which illustrate and bear directly 
upon the jn'ogress of our country. We have not dis- 
tracted the student's attention by countless foot-notes, 
antvdotes of doubtful authenticity, or disquisitions 
upon questions oi' trilling importance which are to 
be found in more pretentious works. It is hojKnl that 
an interest will be excited in the pupil which will lead 
him to jHirsue at his leisure an extendod course of his- 
torical study. 

The plan pursued, avc believe, if conscientiously fol- 
lowed by the student, will give to him an intelligent 
knowledge of the subject, and will so impress it upon his 
mind that it will remain through life, and form the 
nucleus to which he can add in after yeai-s. 

The method adopted is as follows : 

Fivfif. — A clear, succinct grou}>ing oi' historical inci- 
dents. 

StToml — A series of exhaustive questions upon those 
incidents. 

Thinf. — -V tlivision of the subject-matter into tt^pics. 
to be elucidated by the ]nipil. 

FourtJi. — Subjects for written compositions suggested 
by the incidents and topics. 



lyrnonrcTinx. 



Fifth. — (.Questions lor discussion. Thost^ (inrstions 
sliapo tluMUsolvos iinturally iVoiii tlio liisioi'ical luattci', 
and arr so jiiTscnlcd as to contain an allinnativo and 
nou'ativc \io\v. TIumi' discnssion 1>\ the ('lass cannot 
fail to cxcuc interest, jiroinotc rcscai'cli. inipfcss the 
trntli. and lu'oailcn tlu' kno\vl(>di;t> o\' tlic student. 

A riuofons study ^A' the Coinplete Scliool History 
in accordance with these iniMhods nuist he eircclive in 
the hi«;liest attainahK' deiifce. History should not be 
skinnucd over nor ima'cly read, hut stmlied with the 
thon^Uiilnuxss o[' a prohleni in matheinatics. In nootluM- 
way can its t'uU ineaninu' secure a dwelling-place in the 
memory and ui\derstandii\i;- of the [)U[iil. 



CONTENTS. 



IXTROPrCTlOX 5 



TART I. 

THE PERIOD OF DISCOVEKY AND DEVELOPMENT. 

CH.\PTER TACE 

I. The First Discoverers ok Amerio.v 13 

ir. Discovery of America by C'om'miu's 15 

III. Other Kxplor.\tioxs in Amerka 20 



PART II. 

THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 

IV. TiiK FiusT Enci.ish Settlement 28 

V. ScBSEQiEXT History op the Settlements in \ii!(;inia . o3 

VL Settlements in MAssAcur.^ETTS 37 

VII. The Other New England Colonies 45 

VIIL Settlement of Ninv York 47 

IX. Settlement of New Jersey, I'knnsvlvania, Delaware 49 

X. Settlement of Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia 53 

XL Intercolonial Wars 5(> 

XII. Life in the Colonial Times (»3 

XIII. The North American Indians 07 

9 



10 COXTENTS. 

PAKT 111. 
THE KKVOLITIONAKY rKKlOD. 

CHAtTEK PAGE 

XIV. The (.'.vises of the Kevoi.itiox 70 

XV. Events of ] 774-75 74 

XVI. Events of 1770 SO 

W'll. Events of 1777 So 

Win. Events of 177S SS 

XIX. Events of 1779 93 

XX. Events of 1780 9S 

XXI. Events of 1781.— Close of the Hevoeition . . . 102 

r.virr iv. 

GKOWril ANl> UKVKl.Or.MKNT OF THE ST.\TES. 

XX 11. \Va>iiington's An>UNisTK\T!ON, 1789 97 107 

XXIII. An.vMSs Apmixistr.\tion. 1797-1801 113 

XXIV. .Iekferson's .\dministr.\tion. lSOl-09 lUi 

XX \'. MwMsoNs Apministr.\tion, 1S09-17.^The War of 

ISl-J.— FiR<T Ye.vr of the War TJO 

XXV I. Madison's Administr.\tion ^o^^lltim^el^ '. — Second Year 

OF the War 12-5 

XXVll. Madison's Administration ^ooniimieilV — Ci-Ose of 

THE War 129 

XXVlll. Monroe's Administration. 1817-25 133 

XXIX. John Qiinoy Adams's .\DMiNis^rKATioN, 1825-29 • . 137 

XXX. ,T\okson's Administration. 1829-;^7 189 

XXXI. Van Bi'Ren's Administr vtion. 1837-41 142 

XXXII. Harrison and Tyler's .Vdministration, 1841-45 . 145 

XXXIII. Polk's Administration, 1845-49. — The War with 

Mexico 149 

XXXIV. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration. 1849-53 . 155 
XXXV. Pierce's Administration. 1S53-57 • • • 158 

XXXV 1. Richanan's .\dministration, lS57-t>l 160 

XXXV 11. ^iROWTH OF THE StATF^ lt>4 



coy TENTS. 11 

PART V. 

pup: civil. WAR. 

niAPTEK FAiiK. 

XXXVllI. LiN'OOI.x's AUMINISTUATION, 18(>1 (io 170 

XXXIX. Lincoln's Ahministua iion (t'ominueil), 18()2 .... 178 

XL. Lincoi>n's Administration (fontimied), 18(33 .... 196 

XLI. Lincoln':? Adminlstration (foiitiiuied), 1864 .... 208 

XLII. Lincoln's .Voministuation ^I'ontinuod), 1865 ... 217 

I'AKT VI. 

THE MAXIIOOI) OF TIIK NATION. 

XLIIL Johnson's Ad-minisiraiion, 1805-69 223 

XLIV. Grant's Ahministration, 1869-77 228 

XLV. Hayes's Administration, 1877-81 233 

XLVI. G.\RFiKLD AND Arthur's Admini-stration, 1881-85 235 

XLVIL Clkveland's Administration, 1885-89 237 

XLVIIL Harrison's Administr.^tion, 1889-93 241 

APPENDIX. 

The Declaration of Independence 247 

Constitution of the LTnited States . . 251 

List of States and Territories 265 

List of Presidents and Vice-Prksidents ...... . . 267 

Questions for the L^se of Classes 268 

Chronological Su.mmary 308 

ToPicAi. Analysis 321 

Subjects for Composition 331 

Questions for Discussion • • 334 

List of Books Recommended to Students of American Hi.s- 

TORY • 336 

General Index 337 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PART I. 
THE PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 



('II AFTER I. 

THE FIRST DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 

1. America's First Visitors. — 'i'lio first discoverers 
ot" Aiiu'ricu [)r()l):il)ly eaiiie I'roni Asia. We know little 
more than the fact that at some remote jx'riod navi- 
gators from China, driven far ont of their course by 
storms, wei-e swe])t across the Tacific Ocean and found 
a home in the new woi'ld. Others doubtless pushed 
tlieir way across Bering Sti'ait, and, bi'ing well pleased 
witli the strange country, made it their home. But 
these first visitors and their descendants perished long 
ago, and only a few scatterecl i-uiiis remain to tell the 
story of their settlement in America. 

2. The Mound Builders. — Proofs abound that our 
country was once iidiabitcd by a people who dis- 
appeared man}' centuries before the continent was dis- 
covered l)y Columbus. Tlie Mississippi Valley contains 
immense earth-works, and in Mexico and Peru are found 
the remnants of monuments, temples, idols, and works 

13 



14 



JIISTOBY OF THE UXITED STATES. 




A Northman Ship. 



reared by the mound builders, wlio attained a high 
degree of eivihzation. 

3. The Northmen. — A thousand years ago the North- 
men, as tiie natives of Norway and Sweden were eaUed, 

were the most (hiring 
navigators in the worki. 
In A. I). 800, Naddod, 
a famous sea-rover, was 
(h'iven by a storm upon 
the eoast of leehind. 
He stayed only a short 
time: four years later 
it was visited by an- 
other Northman, who 
carried home such a 
glowing account that a colony went thither from Nor- 
way. It did not prosi>er, however, and the settlement 
was soon abandoned. 

4. Settlement of Iceland and Greenland. — Ten 
years later a second settlement was made in Iceland, 
and continued to prosper for hundreds of years. Eric 
the Red established a colony in Greenland, ami it is 
believed tliat his sons looked upon the continent of 
America. They were on their way to join their father 
in Greenland wlien a storm carried them so far south 
that they saw the mainland, but sailed away without 
touching the shore. 

5. Visits by Other Northmen. — Other Northmen 
visited America and formed settlements, which pros- 
})ered for a time, but gradually disappeared, until the 
existence of the new world was forgotten by the old. 
Centuries passed and silence brooded over the great 
oceans, across which no navigator dared to steer his 
tiny ship. Until the close of the fifteenth century 



liiscovFRY OF ^^[^:RICA i^v corr}[nrs. 



15 



Aiuorioa was as unknown to iho old world as it' it had 
110 oxislonoo. 



riiArrKK ii. 

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS. 

1. Geographical Knowledge of this Period. — Five 

liimdivd years auo tho land divisions ot' the earth were 
supposed to he luirope. Asia, and AtViea. Their hound- 
aries were unknown and their remote seetions were be- 
lieved to he uninhahiied. At that time l-airope earried 
on an extensive tratle with India hv means ot" eara- 
vans. Navigation had reeeived a strong impulse from 
tlie invention ot" tlie mariner's eom]>ass. and an instru- 
ment termed the astrolabe bv whieh latitude eouhl be 
roekoneil. WiMidertul stories were brought baek by 
those who had visite«l China and Japan, and many 
ot" the learned peoj^le believed that the world was round. 
AA'ith this beliet" naturally eame one that I'hina eould be 
reaehed by sailing around At'riea or going diivetly west 
aeross the Atlantie. These people had no thought that 
the eontinent ot" Ameriea lay between them and Asia. 

2. Christopher Columbus. — Christopher Columbus 
was born in Cuaioa. Italy, about 1 too. His i"ather was 
a poor wool-oomber. and Christopher was the eldest ot 
four eliildren. lie attended tlie Cniversity of Tavia. but 
when in his fit"teenth year he beeame a sailor, lie visit- 
ed England. leeland. the Azores, the Cuiinea eoast. and 
learned to be a skillful sailor. 

3. Geographical Belief of Columbus. — Columbus 
was one of those who believed the earth to be round, 
and that by sailing two or three thousand miles west- 
ward he eould reaeh the eoast o{ Asia. lie supposed 



16 



IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITI<:i) STATES. 



the globe to he iiiucli sniiillcr than it is, and never sus- 
pected the existence of America. 

4. At the Court of Portugal. — Cohunl)Us deter- 
inined to try the new I'oute, hut he was too poor to l)ear 
the cost of such an exjx'dition. Ih' exi)hiine(l liis plan 
h» King John of rorlngai, who thought well of it, hut 




Ciiitisixn'iiEit Columbus. 



refei'red him to the learned www at coui't. Thev ridi- 
culed the idea. 

5. Expedition to the Cape Verde Islands. — King 
-John, however, was so im|)ressed with tlie arguments 
of Columbus that he secretly fitted out an expedition 
and sent it Avestward. Ife was unwilling to pay the 
hirge reward asked by Cohimbus, and tried to cheat him 
by this underhand method. The navigators sent out by 
the king persevered until they reached the Cape A'erde 



DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS. 



17 




gi I I N [^\iii Li,A OF Spain. 



Islunds, wlien tliey l)ccame so frightened that tlicy at 
once ivtni'iicd. 

6. Columbus at the Spanish Court. — Disgusted 
with tlie iiR'aniicss shown by King Joliii, Columbus now 
went to Spain and hud his 
plans before Ferdinand and 
Isabelhi, the king and queen. 
Spain at tliat time was Ijusy 
fighting tiic Moors, and Co- 
lumbus had much troul;le in 
iiiKhng llios'.' wlio believed in 
J lis ideas. For seven years 
he imj)ortuned King Ferdi- 
nand, and at last was told that 
his schemes were too vision- 
ary to Ije considered. 

7. ('ohunbus now turned 
his face towai'd I'^rance, but 

he was stopi)ed before going far by the glad news that 
the queen would grant his prayer. She and a numljer 
of tlie members of the S])anisli court ])elieved in his 
ideas. I'he king remained indiilerent and complained 
of the lack of funds. The queen replied that she would 
})ledge her jewels to raise the money. This sacrifice, how- 
ever, was not necessary, for St. Angel, treasui'cr of Ara- 
gon, and the friends of Cohunbus advanced the money. 

8. Sailing of the Expedition. — The scheme was 
regarded by many as so desperate that Columbus had 
great difficulty in obtaining sailors. But he was \n>i 
the one to be discouraged, as he had ali'cady ]»roved, 
and finally securing crews with which to man the 
three small vessels, the Pinta, tianta Maria, and Nina, 
sailed from Spain, August 3, 141)2. 

9. The Voyage. — As the tiny ships sailed westward 



18 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



over the unknown oct'un and tlieir native land was left 
fartlier and I'artlier hi'liind, the sailors became frightened 
and were tilled with all manner of superstitious fears. 
Many times they were on the point of throwing Colum- 
bus overboard and turning the ships back to Si)ain. It 
required all his tact and skill to restrain them, but he 
was determincil that nothing should thwart his purjjose. 
lO. At the crisis of discontent, when open mutiny 
was about to break out, unmistakable signs of land 
appeared. A bird hovered about the shi})s for several 
hours, patches of weeds and grass diifted past, and 
several of the sailors declared that they could detect 

the odor of earth in the 
air, although land was not 
yet in sight. 

11. First Sight of Land. 
— On the evening of Oc- 
tober 11th, while Colum- 
1 bus was standing near 
the stern of his vessel, 
the Santa Maria, he saw 
a point of light moving to 
the west as if carried by 
a |)erson who was rapidly 
walking. Before the night 
had passed some one on 
the Pinia raised the cry, 
" Land !" When day 
dawned, the shore, clothed 
in tropical verdure, lay be- 
fore them. 

12. While the officers and sailors were gazing in 
wonder at tlie strange sight they saw scores of naked 
men swarming from among the trees to the edge of the 




Caravels of Christopher Cdu-mbus. 
(After an engraving ijulilislicil in l'iS4. i 



EARLY VOYAGES 

TO 

NORTH AMERICA 




DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBVS. 19 

sea. Tliere they stopped and stared in awe at the tliree 
vessels, which they supposed to be huge l)irds from some 
unknown land. 

13. Landing of Columbus. — Clad in armor and a 
splendid uniform, and accompanied by a retinue of 
officers and men with banners, Columbus was rowed 
ashore, and first set foot upon the new world on Friday, 
October 12, 1492. He immediately sank upon his knees, 
kissed the ground, and gave fervent tlianks to God. He 
then formally took possession of the country in the name 
of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

14. The Indians. — Columbus gave the name of San 
Salvador to the island on which he landed. He visited 
other islands, all of which he supposed lay off the eastern 
coast of India. Because of this belief he called the cop- 
per-colored natives Indiana. 

15. Return of Columbus to Spain. — Columbus was 
received with the highest honors on his return to Spain. 
He carried with him nine natives of the new world 
and a quantity of gold ornaments. The account which 
he gave King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella filled them 
with wonder and gratitude. When they learned of the 
exuberant wealth of the newly-discovered country, its 
fine climate, its splendid forests, its mineral richness, 
and its thousands of natives ready to become converts 
to Christianity, the rulers gave thanks to God for the 
triumph he had granted to them. 

16. Other Voyages by Columbus. — Columbus made 
three other voyages. On his second voyage he planted 
a colony on the island of Hispaniola, or Hayti. He 
first .'^aw the mainland near the Orinoco River, in 1408, 
but died, May 20, ITjOO, in ignorance of the fact that 
instead of discovering a few outlying islands of Asia 
he had discovered the continent of America. 



20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CHAPTER III. 

OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 

1. How America was Named. — An Italian, Amerigo 
Vespucci (am-a-re'go ves-poot'chee), or, as it is written in 
Latin, Amer'icns Vespu'cius, accompanied an expedition 
to the new world. He was a friend of Columbus, and 
discovered a part of South America in 1499. AVIien his 
description of the new country was published it was sug- 
gested that it should be named America. The suggestion 
was adopted, and thus the two continents bear the name of 
one who never had the right to be called their discoverer. 

2. Interest of the Leading Maritime Nations. — At 
the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, 
Spain, England, France, and Holland were the leading 
maritime nations of Europe. They were roused by the 
achievements of the great navigator, and made haste 
to send out expeditions of discovery to the westward. 
Although Columbus was an Italian, he sailed under 
the flag of S})ain, and that country, therefore, had a 
just claim to the land he discovered. 

3. Joinn Cabot. — All the nations named now has- 
tened to send exploring expeditions westward. Despite 
the grandeur of the discovery of Columbus, there was 
much disappointment at his failure to open a trade with 
the Asiatic islands. John Cabot, an Italian by birth, 
living in England at the time, believed that the spice 
regions which Columbus failed to find lay farther to 
the north, and King Henry VII. of England gave him 
authority to carry out the project he had in mind. 

4. In May, 1497, Cabot sailed from Bristol with his 
son Sebastian and eighteen persons. He sighted Cape 



x<i^ 



ft^^t. 






oKJ^^ 





^/^Ht' 




^^°«TRf'»L ISO, 



\ii^\\i^^\ ERASER ISDt; 

DRAKES, i % -^>^V,.v>/ 

^p/C'. SMrrm/^' HUDSON IGOq 



PURITANS 1620 



LASALL 
1685 




RALEIGH 1583 
DELEON iSia 

COLUMBUS 1492 



•a Z/-^^// '^vespucius 



^'^Z'f'^ 



l^L A. IP 

SHOWING 

Discoyeries and Settlements i 

IN 

NORTH AMERICA 




MAGELLAN 

isao 



OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 21 

Breton or NcwioiiiKlIaiKl more than a year before Co- 
lunibus discovered the mainland, and took possession 
of tlie country in the name of Knghmd. lie was received 
with great honor on his return home, dressed in silks, and 
called the "Great A(hniral." 

5. Discoveries by the Cabots. — The following year, 
accomj)anie(l hy his son Sebastian, he set out to lind the 
route to .la|)an and ('hina, and coasted as far soul h as 
North Carolina. Seljastian continued his father's dis- 
coveries, cruising from Newfoundland to Chesapeake 
Bay. Like all his predecessors, lu> failed to tiiul the 
route to Asia, but his achievements gave to klngland a 
title to a vast ])ortion of the new world. 

6. Spanisin Explorations in America. — Ponce de 
Leon. — 8int'e the existence of America was established, 
the })i'oblem was to find the shortest route to India by 
going around or across the continent. In 1512, Ponce 
de Leon (pon'tha da Ifi-on') an old navigator, set out to 
search for a fabled fountain in which he believed lie could 
bathe and become young again. On Easter Sunday he 
sighted a land l)rilliant wilh llowers and Ncrdure, which 
he named Florida, lie returned home, having gained 
little glory and without having discovered the secret of 
renewing his youth. 

7. Balboa. — In 1513, Vasco Nufiez de Balboa (vas'co 
noon'yeth da bal-bd'ah) made his way across the Isthmus 
of Panama, and from the crest of the Andes looked down 
upon the Pacific Ocean. Impressed by the grandeur of 
his discovery, he solenndy declared that the ocean and 
all the lands bordering u])on it should remain the prop- 
erty of the Spanish (Vown for ever. 

8. Magellan. — hi 1520, Ferdinand Magellan, a Por- 
tuguese navigator in the service of Spain, sailed through 
the straits named after him, and was the tirst person to 



22 



HISTORY OF THE USITED STATES. 



circiimiuivigate the globe. He had discovered a water- 
route to India, but it was too king to be used. Con- 
tinued search, ihtTi'turc, was maile for a shorter course 
across th.e continent, which was beheved to be quite 
narrow. 

9. De Narvaez. — In ir)28, Pampliilo de Xarvaez 
(pani'teedo da nar-va'eth) huided near Tampa Bay, 
f^lori<hi, witli 4(>(i men and a number of liorso<. and 




BVRIAl. (IK Hk 



attempted the conquest of the country. They aroused 
the enmity of the Indians, were nearly starved, suHered 
all manner of hardships, and afti'r the loss of a large 
number the survivors tinally reai'hed the CJulf of Mex- 
ico. There thev embarked in a miserable boat in the 



OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 



23 



ho})e of reachino; their starting-point. At last only four 
were left alive, the comiiiaiulor liaviiii;' iK'en lost at sea. 
After sutferiiisi; ineretlible har(lshi[)s the t^urvivors suc- 
ceeded in reaching the Pacific coast. 

lO. De Soto. — Hernando de Soto, with nearly a 
tliousand men, landed at Tampa Bay in the spring of 
looO. and set out to explore the interior. Traversing 
the jtresent States of Georgia. Alahama. and Mississippi, 
they reached the Mississippi Kiver in 1541. Another 



X 




City G.\tes, St. Augistine, Fuirip.^. 

year of aimless exploration followed, and De Soto sick- 
ened and died. That tlu> Indians might not know of 
his death, his hody was sunk at midnight in the iNIis- 
sissippi. The ex|)edition returned down the river, and, 
half the original explorers having perished, the rest 
reached the Spanish settlements in Mexico. 

11. The Oldest Town in the United States. — Pedro 



24 mSTOET OF THE UyiTED STATES. 

Menendez (ma-uen'deth) began a settlement in Florida 
in loiio, which he nanietl St. Augustine. It was the 
first permanent settlement planteil in our countrv, and 
St. Augustine, therefore, is the oldest town in the United 
States. 

12. French Explorations in America. — Verrazani. 
— France was as ejiger as her sister-nations to share the 
territory of the new world. Vern»Zi\ni (zii'ni > was first 
sent to search for the shorter route to India. This navi- 
gator, like Columbus, was an Italian. He sailed along 
the coiist in 1524, but his account is so \-ague that it 
is uncertain where he went or what he did. It is 
believed, however, that he enterevl Xewjiort and Xar- 
ragansett Bsiys, and coastetl from North Carolina north- 
ward along New EngUuid. He named the country 
Xew France. To Verrazani belongs the credit of first 
declaring the true theory of the size of the globe in 
opposition to that of Columbus and other navigators. 

13. Cartier. — In the summer of 1535, Jacques Car- 
tier ikjir-tya') ascended the St. Lawrence to the present 
site of Montreal. His attempts to found a colony were 
failures- 

14. Ribaut. — In 1562, Captain John Kibaut (re-bo') 
droppeil anchor in the harbor of Port Royal, S. C- 
His companions were so charmeil with the climate and 
countrv that all wanted to stay. He selected some thirty 
whom he left behind, and who Ix^m at once to erect 
a fort. They l>eit\me so homesick after a time, however, 
that they built a rude ship and set sail for France- 
After much sufiering the survivors were captureil by 
an English vessel and carried prisoners to England. 

15. Laudonniere. — Captain Laudonniere (lo-dCi>'ne- 
er), who accomjv»nietl the first exj^tHlition. rej^eateil the 
attempt at colonization two years later. He erect eil a 



OTHER FXPLORATIOXS IX AMERICA. 25 

fort on the St, John? River. ^Vhen on the verge of 
starvation anil about to leave. Ivibaiit arriviHl with 
supplies and joineil him. The Spanish, however, 
olainietl the countrv. and under the lead of the cruel 
Menendez thev atiaekeil the settlement and masstiCRHl 
nearly everv one of the eolonists. 

16. Cham plain and De Monts. — I'hamplain maivheii 
from the banks of the St. Lawivnee early in the seven- 
teenth ivntury, and dis<.\>vei'eil the lake in Northern 
New York whieh beai"s his name. Uniting with De 
Monts (mong), he founded the colony of Poi-t Royal, 
in Xova Scotia, in ItHX'i. This and the settlement of 
Mount IVsert were plundereii and broken up eight 
years later by the English fix^m ^'irginia. who elaimeil 
that they were within the boundaries of the Virginia 
patent. 

17. Settlement of Quebec. — The first permanent 
Fivneh settlement in Canada was establisluxi in lOOS 
at Quebec by Champlain. He succeeiieii in the face of 
many dithculties in iirndy fixing the authority of France 
on the banks of the St. Liiwivnce. His success in this 
direction has caused him to be termetl the " Father of 
New France." 

IS. English Explorations in America. — Frobisher 
and Gilbert. — It was not until the close of the six- 
teenth century that England seemed to see that it was 
time to bestir herself if she hojxn^l to gitin any share 
in the partition of the new world. Acting inuler the 
belief that America otlered a shorter route to India. 
Martin Frobisher in 1570 saileii far to the northward 
and entereii Ixitfin Ixty. He was tunuxl back by the 
ice. and nothing was accomplisheii. In 1583. Sir Hum- 
phrey GiUvM't. while engageii in a stw^nd attempt to 
colonize the new world, was lost at sea. 



26 



HISTORY OF riTE UNITED STATES. 



19. Attempts at Settlement by Raleigh. — Sir 
Walter lialeigli, a half-brother of Gilbert and a favorite 
of (^ueen P^lizabeth, set vigorously at work to cari'v <>ut 
the views of his lost relative. The queen gave him 
a grant of land covering an immense territory, wliicii 
was named Mrginia in honor of the ^'^irgin Queen. 
He sent out an exploring exp(.'dition in 1584, which re- 
turned the same year. 

20. In 1585 colonists went out })urposing to gather 

gold, with which they be- 
lieved the new -world 
abounded. Landing near 
Cape Hatteras, they gave 
all their energies to hunt- 
ing for tlie precious metal, 
and would have starved to 
deatli, liad it not been for 
the arrival of Sir Francis 
I )rake in time to take them 
l)ack. On this visit to 
America the settlers learn- 
ed the use of tobacco from 
the Indians, and intro- 
duced it into England. 

21. In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh sent a second colony, 
that he determined should remain in America. They 
formed a settlement near Roanoke Island, off the coast 
of North Carolina, and made many visits inland, 'i'hey 
still believed that gold was plentiful, and wasted their 
time in searching for it. ^"irginia Dare was the first 
English child born in Virginia. She was the grand- 
daughter of John White, the governor of the colony. 

22. White sailed that year for England to ol)tain 
sup])lies. The war with Spain occupied so much atten- 




Sii: Walter Kai.kii.ii 



OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 27 

tioii that it was three years before he could return. 
When he did so, it was to find that every member of 
tlie colony, including liis own family, had perished 
History is silent as to the cause of their strange taking 
off. Sir Walter Raleigh had spent an immense sum 
of money in his vain attempts to found colonies in 
America. He now gave over his efforts and trans- 
ferred his ])atents to other parties. 

23. Dutch Explorations in America. — Henry 
Hudson. — Althougli Holland was a great maritime 
nation during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 
she showed little interest in the new world. With the 
opening of the seventeenth century, however, she sent 
out Captain Henry Hudson, an English navigator in 
her service. In 1601) ho sailed up the river which bears 
his name, searching, like all who had preceded him, for 
the short route to India. The discovery of Captain 
Hudson gave the Dutch their claim to the region ex- 
tending from Cape Cod to the Delaware River. To 
this territory he gave the name of New Netherland. 



PART IT. 
THE COLOMAL PERIOD. 



CIIArTEPv TV. 

THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 

1. Slow Progress of Settlement. — More than a 
hundred years passed after the diseoverv of America 
before a permanent settlement was made bv the French, 
Dutch, or Enghsh. Spain alone had established a weak 
colony at San Augustine. Florida (1505). The rest of 
the vast continent was inhabited by Indians and wild 
animals. 

2. The result, however, of the various explorations 
and attemjns at settlement was the resolution on the 
part of the leading nations to colonize the new world. 
In the nature of things, such an inviting field could 
not remain long noccupied by white men. 

3. The London and Plymouth Companies. — King 
James I. of F land granted the enormous territory 
known as Mrginia to two companies, the London and 
the Plymouth. To the London Company was given 
the tract lying between the thirty-fourth and thirty- 
eighth degrees of latitu*le. This was called South Vir- 
ginia. North Virginia, lying between the forty-first 
and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, was granted to the 
Plymouth Company. 



THE FIRST EXGLJSH SETTLEJUKXT. 29 

4. Provisions of the Charters. — The chartei"S of 
these com ['allies provided that the English king should 
name a resident eoiiiieil for eaeh of the eolonies. who 
should elect their own presiding officer. He must not 
be a . clergyman. The king or council had the power 
to change the laws made in America. The Church of 
England was the established religion, and it was pro- 
vided that for tive yeai-s all the property should be held 
in common. 

5. Efforts of the Plymouth Company. — In IGOG 
the Plymouth Company sent out two ships, but one 
was captured by the Spaniards. The other cruised 
along the coast of Maine, and brought back a favorable 
reiH^rt. A colony was despatched thither in the follow- 
ing year, but it did not remain long. 

6. Expedition of the London Company. — The 
London Company sent three vessels from England, 
December. 19, 1000. containing one hundred and five 
men, but no women. Half of the colonists were "gen- 
tlemen."' who felt above working, and who visited 
America to learn whether it contained anything worthy 
their attention. There were some soldiei"s and servants, 
but not more than one-tifth of the party were thrifty 
or willing to toil. 

7. John Smith. — The colonists ir ^luded one remark- 
able man. He was -John Smith, ^■■ho had met with 
many adventures in other parts of t' world. He was 
brave, industrious, ami possessed a strong will. Xo one 
undei*stood better than he what was necessary to make 
the colony successful. It never could have survived 
without him.* 

' Few men have met with more romantic adventnre;: tlian Captain 
John Smith of Vinrinia. and few liave taken more pains to let the world 
know about them. It is said that when a Ik\v he ran away from his home 
3 



30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. The Fleet. — The fleet comprised the Susan Con- 
stant, of one hundred tons burden, the God-spced, of 
forty, and the Discovery, a pinnace of only twenty tons. 
The connnander was Captain Christopher Newport. The 
weather continued so stormy that it was more than a month 
before the shi})s were able to leave tlie coast of England, 
and it was four months ere they reached ^"irginia. 

9. Ascent of the James River. — Their intention 
was to land on Roanoke Island, where Raleigli had 
planted his colonies, but a storm drove them into the 
mouth of a large river, which they named James in 
honor of their king. It was the month of April, and 
the shores were radiant with blossoms and flowers whose 
fragrance floated across the smooth water. To the men, 
wearied with their long voyage, it was the fairest land 
on which they had ever gazed. They were eager to 
land and begin tlieir new settlement. 

10. Founding of Jamestown. — After searching 
along the river for a while, they selected a site, 
and named it Jamestown. The landing was made 
May 13, 1607, and Jamestown was the first permanent 
English settlement in America. 

in Lincolnshire, England, and engaged in the Holland wars. Then he 
fonght tlie Turks: on his way thitlier he was thrown overboard during a 
storm because he was a heretic, but swam safely to land ; he killed three 
Mussulmans in succession at a sort of barbaric tournament. Being cap- 
tured in battle, he was sold as a .slave, but afterward killed his master, 
donned his garments, and rode into the Russian camp. lie reached 
England at the time of the excitement about settling the new world, and 
embarked with others. He roused the envy of his associates and was 
landed in chains, but finally became president of the coU)ny, where his 
marvelous adventures continued. It should be rememliered, however, 
that Smith himself is the authority for most of these wonderful tales, and 
the probability is that they contain nuich more fiction than truth. Never- 
theless, he was an extraordinary man, and rendered invaluable services 
in the colonization of America. 



THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 31 

11. Sufferings of the Settlers. — The settlers were 
in ii sad pliglit. Nearly all tlieir food was gone, and it 
was too late to plant cro})s. The Indians attacked them, 
and killed one boy and wounded seventeen men. The 
rest were obliged to keep a continual watch, for the 
savages were alert and vengeful. They were angered 
at the prospect of having the strangers settle among 
them and take away their hunting-grounds. 

12. ^Matters grew worse. By and by nearh' every 
one was ill, and at the end of a few months half the 
colonists had died. The survivors lived in wretched 
hovels and in holes in the ground. It looked for a time 
as if Jamestown Avas to share the fate of the other at- 
tempts at planting colonies in America. 

13. Services of John Smith. — In this dreadful 
crisis John Smith proved himself the right man in the 
right place. The settlers saw that he was the only one 
who could save them, and they made him president 
of the council, with full power to do as he thought 
best. He induced them to build a fort and log houses. 
He told them that every man who would eat must 
Avork. and that the only Avay to save themselves was 
by industry and self-reliance. 

14. Captain John Smith saw that food must be 
obtained from the Indians or his people Avould starve. 
He therefore made long voyages among the waters 
of Chesapeake Bay, cultivating the friendship of the 
Indians and trading with them for supi)lies. The red 
men were eager to give him corn for the gaudy beads 
and trinkets of which they were fond. 

15. Capture of Smith by the Indians. — On one of 
Smith's voyages up the Chick-a-hom'iny the Indians took 
him prisoner. To prevent their killing him, he roused 
their wonder by showing them the use of his pocket- 



32 



HISTORY OF THE UNIIED STATES. 



compass and making drawings of the moon and stars. 
He was taken before Powliatan, the great war-chief, who 
ordered him to be shiin. roealiontas, the daughter of 
the chief, begged for his Hfe, and he was allowed to 
return to Jamestown. 

16. The "Starving Time." — iSiuith was so badly 
hurt in 1G09 by the explosion of some gunpowder that 
he was obliged to go to England for treatment. Left 
without his guiding hand, the settlers fell a prey to 




Tin; Mai:i;iai:e of PorAiidNTA.*!. 



disease and famine. Some were killed by Indians, and 
others in desjieration soi/.ed a boat and became pirates. 
That winter (1()09-10) is known in history as the "starv- 
ing time.'' At the end of six months only sixty persons 
out of four Innidred and ninety were left in Jamestown. 
These in despair decided to return to England. They 



SUBSEQUENT SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 33 

were about starting when Lord Delaware arrived with 
a new company of immigrants and abundant supi)hes. 
All landed, and Jamestown was saved from ruin. 

17. The Third Charter. — A second charter had been 
granted the company in IGOO, but tlie results were so 
bad that a third one was granted in 1012. This abol- 
islied the London council, and gave to the stockholders 
the right to regulate tlieir affairs as they thought best. 

18. Pocahontas. — Pocahontas naturally became a 
great favorite with tlie colonists. In 1()13 she married 
John Ivolfe, an English planter, and received Christian 
baj)tism in the rude little church at Jamestown. She 
visited England tliree years later with her husband, 
and attracted great attention. She was received at 
court and met her old friend. Captain .John Smith. 
When about to return to America she fell ill and died. 
From the infant son whom she left some of the leading 
families of Mrginia are })roud to claim descent. 



CHAPTER V. 

SUBSEQUENT SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA- 

1. Bad Government. — The promise to the colonists 
that aftt'r five years they should have land of their own 
was broken. The industrious su})i)orted the lazy, and 
under this bad rule the settlers were no better than 
slaves. Sir Thomas Dale, the governor, did something 
to help them, but Argall, his successor, ruleil so badly 
that the colony was brought to the verge of ruin. 

2. "The Great Charter." — The First Legislative 
Body in the New World. — JJie com])any in London 
granted a "Great Charter " to Virginia in 1()18. This 



34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

gave to the settlers the right to have a voice in making 
their own hiws. Sir George Yeardloy {-hiW 30, llUV)) 
called together at Jamesto\s'n the first legislative body 
ever convened in America. 

3. Method of Government. — The government of 
Virginia was vested in a governor, a " conncil of estate," 
and a "general assiMnhly." The niemhers of the assem- 
bly, or " bnrgesses," were chosen from the ditterent plan- 
tations or "boroughs.'' The laws thns made were not 
binding unless ratified by the com})any in London, 
while the rules of the company were not binding until 
ratified by the colonial assembly. In 1G21 these ])ro- 
visions were embodied in a written constitution. The 
plan of govia'uuient was copied in time by the other 
colonies. 

4. Prosperity. — A period of prosperity now came 
to Virginia. The settUa-s wrought hard, for tluy had 
for the first time the right to reap what they sowed. 
Both sides of the .Tames were lined with settlements for 
moi'e than a hundreil iniU>s. Excellent young women 
were sent from England, and the settlers ran up the 
price of the wives thus brought from one hundri'd to 
one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. Every free- 
man was allowed to vote. Keligious toleration jire- 
vaiUnl. The colonists uow looked upon Virginia as 
their home, and gave up all thouglit of going back to 
England. 

5. Introduction of African Slavery. — In 1(110 a 
Dutch vessel calliMl at .lamest(nvn with twiMity negroes 
that had btH'U kidnajtpeij on tlu' African coast. The 
colonists needed help, and bought th(>m. In this man- 
ner African slavery was introduced into America. Many 
other slaves were imjM)rt(Hl afterward, lor the settlers 
were eager to raise all the tobacco })ossihle. 



SUBSEQUENT SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 35 

6. Massacres by the Indians. — rowliatan, who 
liad been a true iVicnd of the Knglisli, died in 1()18. 
His successor was a bitter eueuiy of tlic white people, 
and eager for the externunation of all who were in Vir- 
ginia. He laid his j)hins with such skill and secrecy 
that few dreamed t)f (hmger until the massacre began. 
A converted Indian warned a few of his friends, and 
they spread the alarm as (juickly as they could. Thus 
Jamestown and the nearest settlements were able to 
pre{)are themselves. 

7. On the 22d of March, 1(;22, the Indians burst 
uj)(>n the colonists, assailing them with such fury that 
within an hour more than four hundred, including men, 
women, and children, were slain. The attack was so 
sudden that many of the settlers were killed with their 
own hatchets and implements. The massacre extended 
one hundred miles along the James. In the fierce w^ar 
that followed, the whites, numbering four thousand, lost 
about half that num})er. 

8. A War of Extermination against the Indians. — 
In l(i44 the Indians slew about five hundred ct)lonists. 
The survivors then began a war of extermination. They 
captured the leading chief, who was wounded and died a 
prisoner. At last the Indians sued for })eace, and, after 
ceding a large tract of land to the settlei's, withdrew 
farther into the wilderness. 

9. Virginia a Royal Province. — King James was 
(lisj)leas('(l with the liberal sentiments of the colony, and 
took away its chartei- in 1G24. lie allowed the people 
to elect theii- assembly, but appointed their governor and 
council. This made \'ii'ginia a royal province, and she 
remained such until the Kevolution. 

10. Oppressive Measures by the British Parlia- 
ment. — The British Parliament oi)pressed the colony 



36 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



in many ways. In 16G0 it affirmed the Navigation Act 
of 1651, and the settlers wore compelled to carry on their 
commerce in Englisli vessels. They were also rec^uired 
to send all tlieir tohacco to England. The members of 
the assembly were mostly loyalists, who imposed heavy 
taxes, voted themselves large salaries, refused to go 
out of office when their terms expired, and even fined 
the Quakers for not attending the English Church 
service. 

11. Bacon's Rebellion. — The assembly finally be- 
came so oppressive that the people revolted in 1G76. 

Governor Berkeley re- 
fused to provide the set- 
tlements with the means 
of defense against the 
Indians. Nathaniel Ba- 
con formed a company, 
defeated the Indians, 
and then marched to 
meet the governor, who 
declared he was a trai- 
tor. During the strug- 
gle which followed Gov- 
ernor Berkele}^ was driv- 
en out of .Jamestown 
and the little town 
burned, and only a few 
ruins to-day mark the 

site of the first permanent English settlement in 

America. 

12. Continued Prosperity. — While these troubles 
were taking })lace IJacon died. There was no one com- 
petent to take his })lace, and his followers dispersed. 
Governor Berkeley punished the leaders without mercy. 




Ruins ok Jamestown, Va. 



SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 37 

Virginia, however, continued to prosper. As early as 
the middle of the seventeenth century she had a po2:)U- 
lation of tliirty thousand, and traded extensively with 
England, Holland, and the colonies of New England. 



CHAPTER VI. 

SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 

1. Religious Persecution in England.— The Pil- 
grims or Puritans. — The Separatists. — Tliere was 
nnicli religious persecution in England during the 
seventeenth century. Among tliose who suffered were 
the people known as Pilgrims, hecause of their wan- 
derings. They were also called Puritavs for the reason 
tliat they were dissatisfied with the ceremonies of the 
Church of England. Tliey thought there should be 
greater purification from old observances and doctrines. 
Those Puritans who withdrew^ from the Established 
Clnirch were called "Separatists." 

2. The Mayflower. — In 1(520 a band of one liun- 
dred and two Puritans sailed from Holland in the il/r///- 
flowcr. Tliey landed at Plymouth, IVhissacliusetts, on 
the 21st of December, after a long and stormy passage. 
Tliey came ashore during a storm of snow and sleet, 
and straightway began building huts to shelter them- 
selves and families. 

3. Character of the Puritans. — Tlie Puritans were 
well fitted to become pioneers. Tliey were earnest, in- 
dustrious, and deeply religious. Tlieir lot was a hard one 
from the first. They suffered from the t(rril)le severity 
of the weather. Before spring half of tliem died, and 
at one time there were only seven })ersons left to take 



38 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



care of the sick. Yet none of Ihein tliouglit of giving 
up or going ])a('k. 

4. Samoset and Massasoit. — The Indians had suf- 




Natidnai. Mdntmknt to Tiir. I'okkfatiikks, I'lvmoutii, Mass. 

fered so nincli from a recent })cstilcncc (liat they did 
not molest tlie Fui'itans. Wlien spi'iiig came and tliey 
began ])lantiiig their erops, tht'v received a visit one day 



SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 39 

from an Iiuliaii luuned Sam-o'set. To their surprise 
and delight, he called out, when he saw them, " Wel- 
come, Englishmen !" He had learned a few words of 
English from some fishermen on the coast of Maine. 
]\his'sa-soit, the cliief of Hamoset's tribe, soon after vis- 
ited the colonists, and made a treaty of peace which lasted 
fifty years. 

5. War Averted. — Ca-non'i-cus, a Narragansett chief, 
thought to frigliten the settlers hy sending them a bun- 
dle of arrows wra})ped in a rattlesnake's skin. This 
was meant as a declaration of war. Governor Bradford 
returned the snake-skin at once. When tlie Indians 
received it, they found some powder and balls inside. 
They were wise enough to take the hint, and did not 
disturb the white people. 

6. Captain Miles Standish. — ('a])tain Miles Standish 
was at the head of military afiairs at Tlymouth. He 
was small of stature, but very brave. He showed no 
mercy to the hostile Indians. When he learned that 
a number were plotting to destroy the whites, he and 
his men fell u])on and killed them all. 

7. Prosperity of the Colony. — The health of the 
colonists improved with the coming of s})ring. The 
Indians taught them how to cultivate maize, or Indian 
corn, and tliey jilanted a great deal of it. The May- 
Jioiver returned to England in 1(521, and tlie ship For- 
time arrived later in the yeai' with thirty-five colonists. 

8. The Famine Year. — The ])eoj)le of Plymouth 
suffered mucii from lack of food. Their harvests failed, 
and the}' had to provide for the new-comers. The year 
1()23 is known as the " famine year," when they w^ould 
have perished from starvation except for the shellfish 
taken from the waters. Four years after their an-ival 
only one hundred and eighty-four were alive. The plan 



40 



HISTORY OF THE V KITED STATES. 



of holding property in common was tried, but it failed 
just as it had at Jamestown. 

9. Union of the Two Colonies. — A quantity of 
land being assigned to each settler, an ini})rovement 
began. There was plenty to eat and affairs prospered. 
The progress, however, was slow. Tlie colonists elected 




Miles Standish's Sword, etc. 
(Now in Plymoiitli Hull.) 

their own govei'nor and made their own laws. In 1092, 
Plymouth was united under the name of ^hissachusetts 
with the INIassachusetts Bay Colony. 

10. The iVIassachu setts Company. — Other Settle- 
ments. — The Pilgrims were no more than fairly settled 
at Plymouth when other colonists began arriving in 
New England. In 1028 the Massachusetts Company was 



SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



41 




G((vr.i;N(ii; John Winthrop. 



loriiu'd, and in tlie same year tliev made a settlement 
at Salem. Two years later Ciovernor Winthrdp l()unde(l 
I^oston, wliieh beeame the ca})ital of the provinee. 
Twenty thousand people settled 
in Massachusetts between the 
years 1G;30 and lOdO. 

11. The Massachusetts Bay 
Colonists. — The Massachusetts 
Bay eolonists were Puritans, but 
their views ditlered from those 
of their friends at Plymouth. The 
latter were Sei)aratists — that is, 
they separated from the Church 
of England — but the i)eoi)le of the Massachusetts P>ay 
Colony renuiined in the I^stablished Chun-li, althou<;li 
dissatistied witli many of its features. They sought to 
reform it from within. They had come to America, 
however, to maintain Puritan ju-inciples, and did not 
mean that any one should interfere with their purpose. 

12. Persecution of the Quakers. — Great hostility 
was shown towai'd the (Quakers. They were fined, 
whip})ed, tiu'own in prison, and banished, but they 
regularly returned, willing and even eager to suffer 
for conscience' sake. Pour of them were put to deatli, 
after whieh the })erseeutions gradually ceased. 

13. Intolerance of the Puritans. — Banishment of 
Roger Williams. — They also forljade any one to vote 
in civil ail'airs mdess a mend)er of their own Church. 
Those who persisted in using the old forms were sent 
back to England. Poger AVilliams was so bold in 
gainsaying this form of tyranny that the clergy and 
magistrates feared the })eace of the eolony would be 
destroyed. They orden^l him to retui'u to I^ngland, 
but he esea})ed them, and in the depth of winter fled 



42 HISTOEY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

through the wilderness to tlie Narrairaiisott Indians. 







They gave him 

shelter and land, and 

he founded a settlement which 

he named Providence. 

14. The United Colonies w„.uams- fu.;ht through 
of New England. — The United the wildek.ness. 
Colonies of New England was formed in 1043 bv a 
union of the colonies of Massachnsetts Bay, Plymouth, 
New Haven, and Connecticut. The object of this union 
was nuUual protection against the encroachments of 
the Dutch and French settlers and the attacks of the 
Indians. 

15. King Philip's War. — On the death of Massasoit, 



SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 



43 



wilt) linil iilwnys been iViciidly to the coliiiiisls, liis son 
riiilip siu-cccdrd Iiiiii. I Icwns ( licir hillcr I'oc, and did 
liis uliiiosl lo \\\\\W (lie New l^nghiiid tribes ai;aiiist, 
tluMu. While the settlers ol' Swansea were on their 
way to ehureh, they were snddenly assailed hy Indians, 
who killed one of 
them and wonnded 
s(>veral. 'The Indians 
were linally driven 
oir, hnt only lo at- 
tack other settlements 
in the Comieelieut 
\'alley. 

16. The Swamp 
Fight.— The settlers, 
howe\er, were (|uick 
to rally, and they 
pressed the war with 
viii'oi". Learning;,' that ^_ 
the ])owerfnl Nar- 
rai;anset(s wei'e on 
the point oi" joininii' 
Philip, a Ibi'ee ol" lif- 

lec'ii hnndred attacked Iheii' slronu'h(»ld. ()nelhonsan(l 
warriors were slain and two hnndretl ^vllite men I'ell. 
This is known in history as the " Swamp Fi»i,lil.'' 

17. Death of Philip. — Peace. — The Xarrasiansetts 
look a leart'nl ri'ven^e by bni"nin<i\ plnnderinii', and 
killinii' in every dii'eetion. (Jradnally, however, tlic 
Indians were Ibrt'ed back, and J*liilip tinally Ix'eame a 
fn^'itive. lie was eliased from one })laee lo another, 
and at last snrronnded in a swamp near ^b)nnl Iloj)e. 
While Iryiny to esca[ie he was sh(.)t dead by a friendly 
Indian. 




•3SS5.- 



KiNc riiii.ii''s Alois. 



44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

18. Hostilities did not cease for several months, Init 
the deathblow had been given to the Indian confedera- 
tion. The warriors were mostly killed, and the rest sub- 
dued, many being sold as slaves to l^arbadoes. 

19. Massachusetts made a Royal Province. — Sir 
Edmund Andros. — The Navigation Act bore hardly on 
Massachusetts, which had a thriving commerce. The 
people pushed their trade with the West Indies despite 
the decree. Officers were sent over to ' enforce the law 
and assert the authority of the king. The colony was 
so defiant that its charter was ainiulled, and Massa- 
chusetts, in 1684, was made a royal province. Two years 
later Sir Edmund Andros arrived as the first royal gov- 
ernor of New England. 

20. Imprisonment of Andros. — Sir William 
Phipps. — Andros was very tyrannical, but was en- 
dured for three years. Then, learning that James 11. 
had been dethroned, the colonists seized Andros, put 
him in jail, and resumed their old form of government. 
Three years later Sir A\^illiam Phipps, as royal gover- 
nor, took charge of the i)rovince, wdiich included Massa- 
chusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia. 

21. The Salem Witchcraft. — ^One of the strangest 
delusions ever known prevailed in Salem in 1()92. 
Every one seemed to be filled with terror of witches, 
and many, under the influence of punishments and 
even torture, confessed themselves to be witches. Dur- 
ing the panic tlie jails were crowded with the accused, 
twenty were put to death, and many of the people of 
Salem moved away. At last reason returned, and those 
who had l)een the most active in persecuting others were 
deeply sorrowful because of their fanaticism. 



THE OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 45 

CHAPTER VII. 

THE OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

1. Settlement of Maine and New Hampshire. — 

About two years after tlie landing at Plymouth, Gorges 
and Mason received from the council for New England 
the grant of an extensive tract of land lying between 
the Merrimac and Kennebec Rivers. Several small fish- 
ing-stations were established near Portsmouth and Dover 
in 1623. The patent was dissolved soon after. Mason 
took the country west of the Piscataqua, and named it 
New Hampshire; Gorges took tliat which was east, and 
called it Maine. 

2. Massachusetts claimed the region, and to secure 
a clear title bought the rights of the heirs of Gorges. 
Maine remained a part of IMassachusetts until 1820. 
Tlie settlements in New Hampshire were so weak that 
they were glad to place themselves under the protection 
of Massachusetts. This union was severed and renewed 
three times. At last, in 1741, New Hampshire became 
a royal province, and remained such until the Revo- 
lution. 

3. Settlement of Connecticut. — In 1631 the Earl 
of Warwick transferred his grant of the Connecticut 
Valley to Lord Brooke, Lord Saye-and-Sele, and others. 
Before the English could take possession, the Dutch, 
who claimed it, built a fort at Hartford and began 
trading with the Indians. The English established a 
post at A\^indsor, and settlers came from Boston. Hart- 
ford was founded in 1635, and the erection of a fort 
at the mouth of the river shut out the Dutch. 

4. Destruction of the Pequods. — The colonists were 
hardly settled in their new homes when the Pequod 



46 HISTORY OF THE VMTKD STATES. 

Indians ti'iod to lUTsuadc tlir Narmuansctts to join 
Uioni in a war against the wliiti's. Ko«ivr Williams 
dissnadi'd tlu>ni, and tlie Tciinods rnteivd U])on the war 
withont tlu'ir liolj). Tlu\v massacred thirty ot' the colo- 
nists, who sent a sti'on>;- force under Captain Mason to 
attai'k their stronghold on Mystic Kixcr. 1 h" did so 
with such tierceness (June 5, 1037) that the whole tribe 
was slain. 

5. The Charter Oak. — In 1002 a royal charter 
united New Haven and Connecticut colonies, and li-naran- 
teed to them all the rights aiireed uiuni hy the Connec- 
tieut colonists. In 1()87 the tyrannical (iovernor Andros 
marched from Boston to Hartford and di'nianded the 
charter. During the debate the lights were suddeidy 
])ut out. ^\dlen the candles were reliiihted the char- 
ter was missiuii'. Captain W'adsworth had slij)ped out 
in the ilarkness and hid it in the hollow o{ an oak. 
This tree was afterward known as the Ciiarter (^ak^ 
and remained standing' for a hundred and seventy 
years. 

6. (iovernor Audro~< was not to be batlled ; he tle- 
elared the charter government at an end. and went back 
to Boston. Two years later, when he was deposed, the 
charter was brouuht h'om its hiding-iilace. the gtMie- 
ral court reassembled, and the government went on as 
befi>re. 

7. Settlement of Rhode Island. — i'ro\ idiMiee Plan- 
tation was si^ttled by Kom'r Williams in l()-">(>, the same 
year that Ihirtford was founded. A ]>arty of exiles from 
Ma.ssachusetts bought the land o( Atjuiday, an Indian 
chief, ami established the Rhode Island Plantation. 
These j>eoi)le. remembering their own persecutions lor 
tlie sake of their religion, generously allowed v)thers to 
believe as thev chose. 



SETTLEMENT OF XFU' YOnK. 47 

S. The r(.H[iu'st of tlu' colonists that they iniiiiit join 
the Now I'Jiuland I'nion was rot'usod booauso thoy liad 
no chailrr. So Kogvr Williams went to Kn^'land and 
srcuivd a charter uniting tlio two plantations. When 
]\v canio hark, in !(> 17. tlu' ju'ojilc mot and auiwd ujion 
a sot of laws whioh gavo froodom o( failh and worshi]) 
to all. 



CITAPTER VTir. 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 

1. Voyage of the Half Moon. — Wo have learned 
that Henry llndson. an l^nglish ex]»lorer in the emi)U)y 
of Hollaiul, sailed nj; the Hudson in 1(10*). He made 
the voyao-e in a small vesstl called the Jlulf Maaii. with 
only twenty sailors. ]Ie had been sent by tlu' Pntch 
Ea^t India Company to search for a short route to China. 

2. The New Netherlands. — The followiiiii' year the 
Dutch beo-an trading in furs with the Indians along the 
Hudson. In Km they explored the coast from the 
1 Delaware to a point lu^yond r)oston harbor. They 
claimed all the country between, and ga\e to it the 
name of Xew Netherlands. 

3. Settlements by the Dutch. — A trading-post had 
been built where Albany now stands, and otlu^rs were 
established elsewhere. The Ihitcli tradt'rs erected some 
huts on Manhattan Island in llilT). No colony, how- 
ever, was sent out until ten years lat(>r. 'jdie setllement 
at Albany was called l-'ort Orangt\ and the one on the 
])rcsent siti' of New Yoik was known as N\'W Amster- 
dam. 

4. Among the privileges granted to tlie Dutcli set- 
tlers was one giving to every person who planted a 



48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

colony of tit'tv tlio riu'lit to buy lands of the Indians. 
These lands, it was decreed, should belong to the heirs 
of the purchasers for ever. Great trouble was caused 
in after years by this law. 

5. The Dutch Governors. — Peter Minuit, the first 
Dutch governor, took charge in l&Hx lie brought all 
the settlements under one government, and bought all 
Manhattan Island from the Indians t"or a sum cijual to 
twenty-tour dollars. Two years later the population was 
less than three hundred. 

6. W'outer van Twiller became governor in l(i33. 
lie was an ignorant man. The ablest Dutch governor 
was Peter Stuyvesant (stTve'sant), who assumed charge 
in UUO. In 1655 he sailed up the Delaware with a 
small fleet and captured the settlements which the Swedes 
had })lanted there. He came to an agreement with Con- 
necticut as to the boundary-line. 

7. Capture of New Amsterdam by the English. — 
England, however, claimed all the territory between \'\v- 
ginia and New I'^ngland, because Cabot had explored it 
many years before. In 1664 four Knglish ships anchored 
in the harbor of New Amsterdam and compelled the 
town to surrender. The name was changed to New 
York. The population at that lime was about lifteen 
hundred. 

8. Subsequent History of New York City. — Tlie 
people, who were rather pleased with the coming of the 
Knglish, were disappointed by their rulers. They refused 
them many of their rights. They were glad, therefore, 
when nine years later a Dutch fleet appeared in the har- 
bor. They returned to their old rule, but the following 
year New Amsterdam came into the hands of the Eng- 
lish through treaty, and so remained until the Kevolution. 

9. The English Governors. — (.Governor Andros, the 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY, ETC. 49 

inar])lot of the colonies, was the first English governor, 
but he was snch a tyrant that he was called home. By 
permission of the Duke of York an assembly of the 
representatives of the jK^o[)le was called in 1(383. Two 
years later, liowever, when the duke became James II. 
of England, he forbade such assemblages, abolished 
printing-presses, and annexed the colony to New Eng- 
land. 

lO. When Governor Andros was imprisoned in Bos- 
ton, Nicliolson, his deputy in New York, lost no time in 
fleeing from the angered people. C'a})tain Leisler there- 
upon took chai'ge until the arrival of Governor Slough- 
ter. Ilie aristocracy in New York were bitter enemies 
of Leisler. They secured his arrest under charge of 
treason, and induced the governor while intoxicated to 
sign his death-warrant. Leisler was hanged before the 
governor recovered his senses. New York took an active 
j)art in the intercolonial wars which followed, and was 
one of the most ])Owerhd et)lonies at the breaking out 
of the Revolution. 



CHAPTEK IX. 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, 
AND DELAWARE. 

1. First Settlement in New Jersey. — New Jersey 
was included in New Netherlands, and the Dutch erected 
a trading-j)ost at Bergen about 1018. The Duke of York, 
having received from his brother Charles IT. the grant 
of New Netherlands, kept that })art now known as New 
York, Ijut gave the portion lying between the Hudson 
and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret. The flrst English settlement here was at 



50 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Elizabethtown in ICyCA. Several Dutch and Swedish 
settlements had been made at an earlier date. 

2. East and West Jersey. — In 1074 the province 
was divided into East and West Jersey, a distinction 
which i)revails at the present day. Lord Berkelev, who 




WiM.IAM PENN. 

owned West Jerse}', sold it to a company of Quakers. 
A number of these persons soon after settlgd near Bur- 
lington. 

3. After Sir George Carteret's death, East Jersey, his 
portion, was sold to William Penn and eleven other 
Quakers. There was great confusion over the land- 
titles, and in 1702 the proprietors surrendered their 
rights to the English Crown. New Jersey was united 



SETTLEMENT OF NEW JEIiSEY, ETC. 51 

witli New York under one governor, but with her own 
assembly. In 1738, New" Jersey was set apart as a distinct 
royal province, and so remained until llie Revolution. 

4. First Settlement in Delaware. — In l<)o8 tbe 
Swedes made a settlement near ^\'ilming•ton, Delaware. 
Tliey named the country New Sweden. They planted 
another settlement a short distance below Philadelphia. 
These settlements afterward fell into the hands of the 
Dutch, but they prosj^ered for many years. 




Penn's House, Present Appeakance. 

5. William Penn. — King Charles II. of England 
owed William Penn a large sum of money on account 
of the services of his father, Admiral Penn. He paid 
tlie debt by granting to William Penn a large territory 
on the west side of the Delaware. To this grant the 
Duke of York added the present State of Delaware. 

6. The Object of Penn. — Founding of Philadel- 
phia. — Penn's object was to find a refuge for his sect, 
which was bitterly persecuted in England. He sent out 
large numbers of Quakers to the new country, and arrived 



52 



HISTORY OF THE I'SITED STATES. 



himself in 10S2. He boiiglit land of the Swedes, and 
the following year laid out the city of Philadelphia. 

7. Penn's Beneficent Rule. — Pennsylvania pros- 
pered from the first. This was due to the wise admin- 
istration of Penn and his successors. Although the 
king of England had been paid for the land, Penn 
bought it again of the Indians. The price was small, 
but it satisfied those simple folk, who found themselves 
dealing with honest men. 








Penx's Treaty with the Indians. 

8. Some of Penn's theories are worth remembering. 
The foundation principle was perfect freedom of con- 
science. Murder and treason only were punishable 
with death. This provision was insisted upon by the 
chief-justice, but no person was hanged in Pennsylva- 
nia during the lifetime of Penn. He maintained that 
a prison should be devoted to the reformation of the 



SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAXD, ETC. 53 

criminal ; arbitration should take the place of litiga- 
tion, even between nations; an oath is unnecessary, as 
are cockpits, card-playing, and drunkenness ; lying is a 
crime, and should be punished as such. He established 
jury trial, and in cases where an Indian was interested 
ordered that the jury should include an ei^ual number 
of white men and Indians. 

9. Penn made a treaty with the Indians which re- 
mained unbroken for sixty years. Seven thousand per- 
sons, representing several nationalities, arrived at Phil- 
adelphia in one year, and in three years the city gained 
more than New York in half a century. 

10. Delaware, known as the " three lower counties 
on the Delaware," was also under Penn's government. 
At the recjuest of tlie people Penn gave to them a 
deputy governor and allowed them to have their own 
assembly. The two provinces, however remained under 
one governor until the Revolution. 

11. Death of Penn. — His Heirs. — Penn died in 
1718, and his heirs retained their })ro]>rietor.ship and 
appointed the governors until 1779. In that year the 
State of Pennsylvania bought the claims of the heirs 
for about half a million dollars. 



CHAPTER X. 

SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, THE CAROLINAS, AND 
GEORGIA. 

1. Settlement of Maryland. — It has been shown 
that one cause of so many people coming to .Vmerica 
was to esca])e persecution. Among those thus driven 
from their homes was Cecil Calvert, or Lord Baltimore. 
He was a wealthy gentleman and a Roman Catholic- 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED- STATES. 

He obtained tVom King Cliarles a grant of land lying 
north of the Potomac River, and his brother made a 
settlement in 1()34 near the mouth of the i-iver. 

2. The name of the new settlement was St. Mary's. 
The ehai'ter gave to freemen a voice in making the 
laws. In U)49 the " Toleration Act " was passi'd, which 
allowed all to Avorship (Jod as they thought best. This 
liberality caused ^hiryland to become an asylum for 
persecuted j)ersons. 

3. Conflicting Claims. — Civil War. — \'irginia 
claimed that Lord Baltimore's grant was for land be- 
longing to her. Clay borne, a member of the James- 
town council, established two trading-posts in Maryland, 
and would not leave until he and his people were driven 
out. Clayborne was so olistinate that he went to Eng- 
land and a})pealed to the king, whose decision sustained 
Lord Baltimore's claims. In 1()45, Clayborne entered 
Maryland again, excited a rebellion, and drove out 
Governor Calvert. The governor after a time was able 
to gather a force strong enough to frighten Clayborne 
into lleeing. There was no more disturbance. 

4. There was mucli religious trouble, however, in 
Maryland, and civil war lasted for years. Sometimes 
victory was with one party and sometimes with the 
other. Finally, in 1691, Lord Baltimore was stri})ped 
of his rights as pro])rietor, and ]\hiryland became a 
royal province. The Church of England was estab- 
lished, but, in 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recov- 
ered his rights and religious toleration was restored. 
This condition of things lasted until the Revolution. 

5. The Carolinas. — The Albemarle and Carte- 
ret Colonies. — A large tract of land south of Mrginia 
was granti'd in 1()()3 to Lord Clarendon and several 
other iu)blemen. Thev named it Carolina in honor of 



SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, ETC. 55 

tlie king. The Albemarle colony was already planted 
by settlers from Mrginia. The Carteret colony was 
established in 1()70 b}^ English immigrants. The first 
settled on the banks of the Ashley, but removed in 1680 
to the present site of Charleston. 

6. The colonies increased rapidly, but as they ex- 
panded much friction was caused between the settlers 
and proj)rietors. The latter became so discouraged that, 
in 1729, they returned to the Crown the right of govern- 
ment and seven-eighths of the land. The colonies were 
se})arated, and remained royal provinces until the Revo- 
lution. 

7. Settlement of Georgia. — The last of the orig- 
inal thirteen colonies to be settled was Georgia. In 

1732, Ceneral Oglethorpe, a wealthy and kind-hearted 
man, obtained from King George II. the grant of a tract 
of land which, in honor of the king, he named Georgia. 

8. Oglethorpe's Scheme. — Oglethorpe's wish was 
to provide a refuge for debtors, who were harshly treated 
in England. He formed a settlement at Savannah in 

1733. His experiment awakened great interest in Eng- 
land, and large sums of money wcire subscribed to lielj) 
the enterprise. 

9. General Oglethorpe was an excellent man. He 
})roved his soldierly qualities by brilliantly defeating 
the Spaniards when they attacked the colony. Some 
of his rules, however, produced great discontent. They 
interfered with the just liberties of the people and 
caused many to leave the colony. This discontent 
increased to such a degree that the trustees finally gave 
up the task, and in 1752, after twenty years of trial, 
surrendered their charter to the Crown. Georgia con- 
tinued a royal province until the Revolution. 



56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CHAPTER XI. 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

1. King William's War. — The wars between Euro- 
pean nations naturally involved their colonies in Amer- 
ica. The first struggle of this kind was between Eng- 
land and France, and was called King WilHani's War. 
It lasted from 1089 to 1097. The Indians of Canada 
and Maine took the side of the Frencli, while the pow- 
erful league known as the Iroquois or Five Nations of 
New York helped the English. 

2. Invasion of New England and New York. — 
In the depth of winter the French and Indians came 
down from Canada on their snow-shoes and laid waste 
the border settlements of New England and New York. 
They committed fearful atrocities. The favorite time 
for attack Ijy the Indians was between midnight and 
daylight, when people were sound asleep. Women and 
children, a'^ well as men, were dragged from their beds 
and tomahawked. 

3. Invasion of Canada. — Peace. — To clieck these 
barbarities tlie several English colonies in 1()90 organized 
an invasion of Canada. 8ir William Phipps captured 
Port Iloyal in Nova Scotia and secured a great deal of 
plunder. The combined land and naval expedition 
was a failure. After eight years of savage and desul- 
tory fighting, the war was ended by the treaty of Rys- 
wick (riz'wik), wliich gave to each party the territory it 
held before fighting began. All the suffering, loss of 
property, cruelty, and death was in vain. 

4. Queen Anne's War. — This was brought about 
by the war ])etween France and Spain on the one hand 
and England on the other. The Iroquois, because of 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 57 

their treaty with France, took no part in this war, 
which hasted from 1702 to 1713. From this cause New 
England suffered most. Her frontier was ravaged, and 
many of the exposed settlements were abandoned. 

5. Port Royal was captured, in 1710, by the united 
English and colonial troops. The name of the place was 
changed to Anna})olis. A formidable expedition sailed 
against Canada, but shipwreck destroyed more than a 
thousand men, and the attempt, as before, resulted in 
disastrous failure. The war was ended by the treaty of 
Utrecht (u'trekt), which ceded Acadia to England. 

6. King George's War lasted from 1744 to 1748^ 
and was between England and France. The most noted 
event of the struggle was the capture, after a long siege, 
in 1745, of the strong fortress of Louisluirg. This was 
on the island of Cape Breton, and the colonial troops 
did most of the fighting. Peace was made by the treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-lii-chapeF). To the indignation 
of the colonists, Louisburg was given back to the French 
by this treaty, and matters were left so that another war 
was certain to break out in the near future. 

7. The French and Indian War lasted from 1754 
to 1763, and was by far the most important struggle in 
which the colonies took part previous to the Revolution. 
France and England were powerful rivals, and their 
continual wars involved their colonies in America. Their 
contests had gradually taken the form of a struggle for 
supremacy in the new world, and could not end until 
one became the conqueror. 

8. The English and French Colonies. — At the 
opening of the final struggle the English colonies occu- 
pied a narrow fringe of sea-coast a thousand miles in 
length. The French territory, beginning with Canada, 
extended to New Orleans. This long line was guarded 



58 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

bv more than sixty military posts. Tlio region west of 
the Alleghany Mountains was elaimed by both, and 
this dispute brought on the Freneh and Imlian War. 

9. The lur-trade in the seetion named was very 
profitable and much sought by the Freneh and Englisli 
traders. They left the Indians out of the question, 
though they were the people to whom the land rightly 
belonged. The Freneh seized the English surveyoi-s 
along the Ohio and broke up a British post on tlie 
Miami (me-a'mel Pressing forward into tlie disputed 
territory, they built a fort at Presqu' Isle (presk el'), near 
the i>resent site of Erie, Pennsylvania ; a second near 
Waterford : and a third a few miles south, on French 
Creek. 

10. George Washington. — Now. all this angered 
Mrginia. because she claimed that section. Governor 
Dinwiddie decided to make a vigorous protest against 
the invasion. He selected as the bearer of his message 
a young man named GkoiutE Washin\;ton. 

11. Washington at that time was about twenty-two 
years of age. He was a skillful surveyor and a won- 
derful athlete. There were no young men of his ac- 
quaintance who could run as fast, leap as tar. throw a 
stone to a greater distance, ride a hoi'se better, or excel 
him as a hunter. He was brave, truthful, honest, an 
obedient son. ami a man held in the highest respect by 
all who knew him. He was born February "22. 1732. 

12. Washington's Journey through the Wilder- 
ness. — Young M'ashington left ^\'illiamsburg on the 
very day the letter of Governor Dinwiddie was placed 
in his hands. He had live companions, one o\' whom 
was the famous guide Ghristopher (iist. The journey 
to and from Le Panif (IC-h bt1f') was fully a thousand 
miles. It led through dismal forests, over rugged moun- 




AN ATT^^■.n nv'N rm Life of ^YA5HI^•GT0^•. 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 59 

tains, and across tnvl)nk'nt streams lilk'd with rusliinj;; 
ice. The country contained wild beasts and wilder 
red mcMi. 

13. An Indian attempted to shoot A\'ashinL;,'ton when 
a fi'W rods away. His gun missed fire, and Cdst cap- 
tured him. AN'ashington, however, wouUl not allow 
him to be harmed, but let him go. To avoid cai)tui'e 
themselves, they traveled all night, though the weather 
was bitterly cold. Often they slept with their clothing- 
frozen u|)on them. In crossing the Alleghany on a raft 
Washington was thrown into the waier, and saved him. 
self by powerful swimming. 

14. The trying journey occupied more than two 
months. The reply brought back by Washington from 
the French commander was a refusal to withdraw from 
the ground claimed by the English. He was there, 
lie said, l)y (M'ders from his superiors, and as a sol- 
dier he could rt'gard no commands from any other 
source. 

15. Breaking Out of the War. — It was not long 
before war began. A\'ashington, then a major, was sent 
with a force to drive out the French, who had built a 
post where Pittsburg now stands. It was called Fort 
Dmpiesne (doo-cane')- The French were too strong, 
and after considerable lighting AVashington was forced 
to retreat before the superior force. 

16. Braddock's Massacre. — In 1755, General I>rad- 
dock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne. He was 
<i British officer, brave, but harsh and conceited. He 
sneered at Washington when the voung Virginian 
warned him that the Indians did not hii-ht like regular 
soldiers. He thought it very ])resum[)tuous in this 
yoinig man to give him advice. 

17. When within less than ten nules of the fort, Brad- 

5 



60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dock's army was siidik'nly assailed ])y liundreds of In- 
dians and French in anibusb. The Virginians sprang 
beliind trees and rocks and began lighting after the 
manner of the Indians. This enraged Braddock, who 
ordered tlieni to come out and figlit like Englishmen. 
He struck several with his sword, and for three hours 
kept his soldiers firing by platoons when their enemies 
were nowhere in sight. 

18. No man could have shown greater bravery than 
Braddock. He had four horses killed under him, and 
was on his fifth when he fell dead from the saddle. Every 
officer on Braddock's staff was either killed or wounded, 
except Washington. He exposed himself with the same 
fearlessness as his commander. Two horses were killed 
under him, and his clothing was pierced rei)eatedly by 
musket-balls. Finally, the British regulars broke into 
a wild })anic and fled. Washington covered the retreat 
and saved the remnant of the army. 

19. Banishment of the Acadians. — Acailia (the 
name given to the provinces of Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick) was attacked shortly after the Avar began. 
The French forts at the head of the Bay of Fundy were 
taken, and the Acadians were carried away in ships and 
scattered among the English colonies. This seemed 
cruel and caused nmch hardship, but the step was 
taken l)ecause the Acadians secretly favored the French 
whenever war took })lace. 

20. Capture of Louisburg. — Founding of Pitts- 
burg. — For a time the English made no real })rogress. 
In 1758, Generals Andierst and Wolfe, after a severe 
struggle, captured Louisburg. In September of the same 
year a French fort standing on the present site of Kings- 
ton, Canada, and controlling Lake Ontario, was taken 
by an English expedition. Another ex})edition drove 



INTERCOL ONI A L WA RS. 



61 



the Frencli away from Fort I)iiqn(\<iK' aiul established 
an English fori there. They named it rittsburg, in honor 
of William Pitt, the great prime minister of England. 

21. Repulse of the English. — An English attack 
upon Fort Tieonderoga on Lake Champlain suffered a 
disastrous re})ulse. 'JJie following year, however, both 
Tieonderoga and Crown Toint were evacuated upon the 
approach of General Amherst and his army. 









^' ) 



1 AVr\^/h ^'•i(^ 






kM'^t^^ lii^y'-'' 




Capturk UF Lovisburg. 



22. The Capture of Quebec. — The death-l)l()\v to 
French rule in .Vmerica would l>e the ca})ture of Quebec. 
This great task was assigned to the brave and skillful 
Wolfe, wlio, in the summer of 17")',), anchored off the 
city with eight thousand ti"o<)[)S and a large fleet. Mont- 
calm, the French commander, opposed him with a force 
equal to his own. 

23, Week after week ^\'olfe vainly searched for some 



62 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



weak point in tlic rocky wall miles in length. But can- 
non confronted him everywhere and the French soldiers 
were always on the alert. Montcalm kept his horses 
saddled night and day, ready to dash to any spot where 
needed. Knowing what great interests were at stake, he 
did not take off his clothing for months. 

24. Wolfe was on the point of giving up when he 
discovered a narrow path winding among the rocks and 




The Death of Genekai, Wolfe. 



hushes to the bluff above the city. In tlie darkness of 
night the soldiers silently climbed up the i)recipice and 
scattered the guard at the top. When the sun rose the 
astounded Montcalm saw the English army in line of 
battle on the " Plains of Abraham." 

25. Death of Wolfe.— Montcalm attacked with his 
usual bravery. Whilst the issue remained doubtful, Wolfe 



LIFE IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 63 

led a bayonet charge. He was struck twice by bullets, 
but pressed on until mortally wounded by a third ball. 
As they were carrying him to the rear he heard the 
exclamation, "They run! they run!" "Who run?" he 
feebly asked. " The French," was the reply. " God be 
praised ! I die happy," he added, his pale face glowing 
with joy. 

26. Death of Montcalm. — Montcalm was mortall}^ 
hurt a few minutes later while trying to rally his troops. 
A\'hen told by the surgeon that he could live only a few 
hours, he replied, " It is well, for I shall not see the sur- 
render of Quebec." The city surrendered five days later, 
September 18, 1759. 

27. The Conquest of Canada. — The French at- 
tempted to retake Quebec the following year, but failed. 
The capture of Montreal in 1760 completed the conquest 
of Canada. A treaty of peace was signed in Paris in 
17G3, by whicli France gave to England all her posses- 
sions east of the ]\Iississippi except two small islands 
south of Newfoundland. She ceded New Orleans and 
all lier territory west of the Mississippi to Spain. The 
costly devastating wars were at an end, and England at 
last ruled America. 



CHAPTER XII. 

LIFE IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 

1. The Homes of Our Forefathers. — Life during 
the colonial times was widely different from what it is 
to-day. The first houses were built of logs put together 
with little regard for anything except strength and shel- 
ter. The danger from Indians often made these dwell- 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ings tlic oiih' means of defence against their attacks. 
The windows were few and small, the doors massive, 
and the interior was divided into one, two, or three 
rooms. Tlie stairs by which the upper story was reached 
consisted of an inclined ladder. The chimney was of 
stone and was mainly on the outside of the building. 
2. The Furniture. — The fireplaces were very broad, 
and most of the heat went up the chimne}'. The win- 
ters were severe, and it was necessary to get as near the 
fire as possible. Seats, therefore, were sometimes placed 
inside the fireplace. Glass was so scarce that most of 
the window-panes were made of oiled paper. The fur- 
niture generally consisted of rude benches, tables, and 
stools made by the head of tlie family. The floor was 
rough, and sometimes consisted of the hard earth itself. 
Carpets were unknown during the early days. The latch 
of the door was of wood, and was raised from the out- 
side by pulling a string which dangled from a small 
hole. AVhen this string was drawn in the door was 
locked. 

3. How they Cooked, Ate, and Drank. — Tlie 
poorer people used blocks of wood instead of plates. 
At first forks were unknown. Food was cut with a 
knife and eaten from the fingers. The pots and kettles 
were hung from a swinging crane in the fireplace, and 
the cooking was done in front in skillets and on griddles. 
These stood on legs, so that the coals could l)e raked 
under them. A piece of meat was sometimes Ijroiled 
by laying it upon the live coals. 

4. An oven for 1)aking would occasionally be seen 
built in the side of the chimney. A whole pig was 
roasted l>y running an iron rod through it and turning 
it on a spit in front of the fire. The neat housekeej)ers 
strewed the floor of the best room with white sand. 



LIFE IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 65 

wliich was marked off with ornamental designs. The 
rich colonists brought ponderous furniture from Eng- 
land — so strong and c^nduring that much of it is in 
existence to-day. They had pewter dishes, which were 
polished to the highest possible degree. The cumbrous 
but valuable silver-ware was brought forth only on rare 
occasions. 

5. There was much drinking of wine and spirits. 
For a long time coffee and tea. were unknown. Nearly 
every family made its own beer. The genteel folk used 
Madeira wine, and nearly every one drank rum and 
hard cider. The religious people made no objection 
unless a person indulged immoderately and neglected 
his duties. 

6. Their Dress. — No one wore trousers as they are 
now made. They stopped at the knees, below which 
the limbs were protected by stockings to the shoes. 
This gave the rich a chance to display their silver 
buckk-s and buttons. They were very fond, too, of lace 
and finery. The breeches of the laborers were made 
of leather, deer-skin, or the coarsest kind of cloth. The 
rich used velvet or fine material, and some of them were 
as proud of their appearance as any one who is seen 
to-day. 

7. The Schools. — The schools were few and poor. 
The teachers had little education, and were harsh. The 
sessions were double the length of what they are in 
these times, and Saturday holidays and summer vacations 
were unknown. The whip was frequently plied, for our 
forefathers believed in tlie doctrine that to spare the rod 
is to spoil the child. Sunday-schools are not a century 
old in this cdunti'v. The sermons at church were often 
two or thi'ec hours in length. The benches were hard 
and uncomfortable. When a listener dozed, a man 



66 



HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



M'lu) was on llio \v;\ti'li prodded him with the end of a 
pole to kee[i him awake. 

S. Methods of Punishment. — The laws winv severe. 
In N'iruinia seventeen oll'enees were punishahU' with 
death. In llartl'ord the watehman ran*;' his hell in the 
morning as an onler tor every one to rise from his bed. 
Tf a wmnan beeame too free witli her tonoue. she was 
j>rononneed a seold. and was pnnished bv biMno- plai-ed 
near her door and gagged. For other otionees the stocks 
and jnllorv and the dneking-stool were used. 

9. Entertainments. — Human nature has always 

been the same, and 
onr ancestors man- 
aged to have their 
share of anuisement. 
I)ancing was po[)nlar. 
•Aud wedding festivi- 
ties sometimes lasted 
several days. Horse- 
raeing and cock-tight- 
ing ])revailed in the 
Midille and Southern 
colonies. The New 
Englandors made the 

most of their militia 
trainings. l-Acn a funeral was accompanied by feasting 
and drinking, while the long winters were diversified 
by coasting, skating, and similar anuisements. 

10. IVleans of Travel. — Ignorance. — First Print- 
ing-Press. Paper, and Colleges. — In th(\«^e early times 
the people traveKnl on tbt^t. horseback, or bv boat. Slav- 
ery prevailed everywhere. Ignorance was connnon. 
Many men antl women were unable to write their names. 
The tirst printing-press was set up at rambridge in UJoO. 




THE yORTH AMERWAX TyDfAXS. 



6' 



The lirst })aper was the Jiosioii X< ws Ldfir. published in 
1704, ami the first daily paper did not appear until 1702, 
Harvard (\^llege was founded in 1(530; AVilliani and Mary 
in 1002 ; Yale in 1700: Princeton in 1710 : University of 
Pennsylvania in 1745*; Colunihia in 17'»4: and Dart- 
mouth in 17()0. (V)mpared with the eolleuvs of the pres- 
ent day hi>aring" those names, they were as the tiny aeorn 
to the full-irrown oak. 



('11AP4M:K XIII 



THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 



1. Error regarding the hidians. — The belief is 
general that the Amcriean race is disappearing. This, 
however, is not the case. 
There are 250,000 In- 
dians to-day in this 
country, which is an 
increase of the number 
that roamed over the 
continent at the time of 
its discovery by Colum- 
bus. 44iei-c is no reason 
to believe that they 
will not continue as 
long as the Caucasian 
rai'c. 

2. Endurance of the hidian. — Althougli the Indian 
displays littU> nmscular development, he is cajiable t»f 
immense endurance. Cieneral Cn^ok states that he has 
seen an Apache run for fifteen hundreil feet up the side 




t.'nol T OF TTKS ANP WHiWAM. ('(i1(i|:AI>0. 



68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of a mountain without any increase in his res2:»i ration 
or the least evidence of fatigue. 

3. Wrongs of the Indians. — One of the great 
wrongs perpetrated by the settlers of this country was 
their treatment of the Indians. The rigiits of the latter 
were disregarded ; they were cheated out of their land ; 
their confidence was abused ; treaties were violated ; and 
many times they were driven in very desperation to war. 
Osceola, the famous Seminole chieftain, was made a 
prisonei' by an American officer Avhile visiting our lines 
under a tiag of truce, and died in prison. William 
Penn used the Indians justly, and, as a consequence, his 
treaty with them remained unbroken for more than half 
a century. 

4. How the hndians Live. — The Indians are a 
migratory })eople. They live in rude tents and wig- 
wams, moving from place to place in order to secure 
better hunting-grounds. They are fine horsemen, being 
trained from infancy to manage their ponies, to handle 
the bow and arrow or gun, to hunt and fish, to endure 
hardships, and to make war. 

5. Treatment of their Women. — The women are 
treated like beasts of burden. A warrior considers it 
undignified to work. Ilis squaw, therefore, is com})elled 
to till the ground, to carry burdens, and to do all the 
maiuial labor rc(juired l)y the family. 

6. The War- Path. — In former times the Northern 
Indians were accustomed to tie their long 1)lack hair 
in a knot on the crown. This was called a scalp-lock, 
and was meant as a defiance to the enemy to capture it. 
They were fond of daubing their faces with fantastic 
designs in {)aint, of placing stained feathers in their 
hair, and making themselves look as hideous as possible. 
They hoped to frighten their enemies by this means. 



THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 69 

7. Indian Oratory. — Altliougli the American race 
is inferior in every res})ect to the Caucasian, yet it has 
produced more than one great orator, warrior, and states- 
man. King Philip, Pontiac, and Tecumseh were strik- 
ing examples in these respects. 

8. The Indian's Conception of Heaven. — All 
people, no matter how degraded, have some idea of a 
Supreme Being. It is an instinct of our nature, and one 
of tlie most impressive proofs of the immortality of the 
soul. The Indian's conception of heaven is a material 
one. He believes it consists of ha])py hunting-grounds, 
where his dog shall bear him company and the feast- 
ing be without end. The Indian, however, is ca|)able 
of accepting and understanding the truths of Chris- 
tianity. The labors of the missionaries among them 
have proved this fact in numl)erless instances. 

9. The Indian Susceptible to Education. — The 
Indian is suscejUible to education and civilization. 
The various schools established by our government have 
shown striking and beneficent results. It is earnestly 
to be hoped that these influences may continue, and that 
at no remote day the " Indian Problem " may be solved 
happily and for ever. 



PART ITT. 
THE REVOLUTION. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. The French and Indian War was the AVest Point 
for the American connnanders in the Kevohnion. The 
training received by them proved of invahiabk' service 
wlien the inevitabk^ conflict of arms took }>hice. 

2. Indirect Causes of the Revolution. — >hiny 
causes joined to bring about the war for independence. 
Enghmd treated the Americans as though they were a 
subjected nation. She enforced laws that favored the 
Enghsh merchants at the expense of those in the colo- 
nies. The navigation laws especially were unjust and 
oppressive. The American farmer was comj>elled to 
send his ])roducts to England and buy his goods there. 
American manutactures were not jiermittetl. The ]u-iine 
minister went so far as to declare that the colonies had 
not the right even to make a horseshoe nail without ]ter- 
mission from Parliament. 

3. It was inevitable that the colonies should separate 
in time from the mother-country, but ha<l they been 
treated generously the separation would have been 
postponed for a long time. It is not unlikely that 
when it should have taken place England would have 
consented and thei'e would have been no war. 

70 



THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLVTIOX. 



71 



4. Direct Cause of the Revolution. — A\'liilt.' tluTC 
were inanv grouiuls lor ill-feeling between England and 
the colonies, the direct cause of the Revolution was the 
Stamp Act. This was passed Ahirch 8, 17(')0. W\v- 
ing the French and Indian War the colonists spent 
$10,000,0(X), of which England repaid only $5,000,000. 
She now imposed a tax on the Americans to meet 
the expenses of this war. Inasmnch as the colonies 
were \\o{ allowed to have any representative in Parlia- 
ment, this was " taxation without representation.'" They 
called it tyranny, and resisted thr enforcement of the law. 

5. England, however, was stubborn and would not 
recede. She granted writs of assistance to her officers, 
whit-h authorized them 

to search houses and 
stores for snuiggled 
goods. The Stamp Act 
ordereil that stamps 
bought of the British 
government should be 
put on all legal doc- 
uments, newspapers, 
pamphlets, etc. The 
object, of course, was 
to secure a revenue 
to the English gov- 
ernment at the ex- 
pense of the colonies. 

6. This tyrannical 
act roused the Amer- 
icans to the fighting-point. They mobbed the houses 
of the British officials, hanged others in effigy, seized 
the odious stam}>s. and compelled the agents to resign. 
The people, led by Samuel Adams, the " Father of the 




■AMI \ 1 Al'A^I>, 



72 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Kcvolulioii," ])lc(li;x'(l tlic'iHselvos to use no articles of 
British inaimlacturc until the duly should be taken oil'. 

7. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — Delegates tVoni nine 
of tlu> colonies met in New ^'ork in October, 17G5. Tliey 
framed a. Declaration of Iviglits and a {)etition to King 
CJeorge 111. and Parliament. The opposition to the 
Stamp Act became so bitter and deternnned that even 
England was alarmed, and in 17()() repealed it. 

8. Other Oppressive Measures. — The Boston 
Massacre. — At the same time, howevei', Parliament 

passed another law 
affirming its right to 
tax the colonies. Other 
articles were taxed. 
Troops were (juartered, 
in 1708, in the colonies 
at their expense. The 
})eople r(>fused to con- 
sent to this, and (juar- 
rels between the citi- 
zens of I)ost()n and the 
soldiers were fre(juent. 
The patriotism of the 
citizens was I'oused by 
frequent meetings and 
addresses in Faneuil 
Hall and elsewhere. In March, 1770, a collision resulted 
in the death of three citizens ;iiid the wouiuhng of eight. 
This is known in history as the Poston Ahissacre. 

9. Taxation without Representation. — Finally, the 
tax was taken oil' evei-ything except tea. Even this was 
so arranged that, with the tax included, tea was cheaper 
in America than in lOngland. The mother-country was 
contending tor a principle and would not yield the right 




Fankuii, Ham., I!( 



THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



73 



of taxation. The Americans were also contending for a 
principle, and would not consent to taxation without rep- 
resentation. 

lO. The Boston Tea-Party. — The Americans deter- 
mined they would not use tea. Tlie cargoes which 
reached New York and Philadelphia were sent away 
again. At Charleston tea was stored in damp cellars, 
where it soon spoiled. At Boston, Decemher 16, 177o, 
fifty men disguised as Indians boarded the ships at night 
and emptied three 
hundred and forty-two 
chests into the water. 
This is known as the 
famous Boston Tea- 
Party. 

11. Retaliatory Meas- 
ures by England. — 
The War Spirit in 
the Colonies. — Eng- 
land adopted retalia- 
tory measures at once. 
She closed the port of 
Boston the following 
year, and General (lage 
was appointed gover- 
nor of Massachusetts. The closing of the |)ort caused 
much distress, but the other colonies came to the hel{) of 
Boston. The anger against England increased every day. 
The only parties were the Whigs, wlio opposed royalty, 
and the Tories, who favored it. Minute-men began 
organizing and drilling. The ringing words of Patrick 
Henry, " Give me liberty or give me death !" were heard 
every wliere. Revolution was in the air and the conflict 
of arms was at hand. 




1'ati;I( K Henky. 



74 



HISTORY OF THE U Nil ED STATES. 



CHAPTER XV. 



EVENTS OF 1774-75. 

1. The First Continental Congress. — The first Con- 
tinental Congress met in Philadelphia in September, 1774. 
Every colony was represented except Georgia. Among 

t he representatives were 
men of marked ability. 
The majority were not 
prepared for independ- 
ence, but hoped to in- 
duce England to change 
licr course toward the 
colonies. They de- 
clared that obedience 
was not due to the 
recent acts of Parlia- 
ment — that Massachu- 
setts did right in re- 
sisting her oppressors ; 
they })rotested against 
tlie quartering of troops 
among the people witli- 
out their consent, and 
decided to hold no in- 
tercourse with Great Britain. 

2. Battle of Lexington. — These were bold words 
on the part of the representatives, and hastened the con- 
flict. General Gage, the British commandant at Boston, 
sent out eight hundred men soon after midnight, April 
10, 1775, to destroy some military stores at Concord, 
twenty miles away. The Americans were on the watch, 
and when the troops reached Lexington, they found the 



i 

i 

\ 

% 


1 




rl Bl Ii, M- 


^^xi^^dHfl^^^ 


E 



Caimt.nters' Hali,, Pnii.AriKi.riiiA, wiikue 
THE FiKST Continental Congress Met. 



EVENTS OF 1774-75. 



75 



niiiuito nu'ii hastily iiatlu'rino- on llu' villaixo g:reeii. Major 
Pitraini ordered tlieiii to disperse. A skirmish followed, 
and eight of the .Vnierieans were killed and several 
wonnded. One British soldier was killed and one 
wonnded. The troops continued their march to Con- 
cord and destroyed the military stores. 




noi'SE.S IN WHICH THE MtI.ITAP.Y ST()|;KS \\1:i:K CnNCEAI.ED, CONCXIllD. 
(Still staiKiiiig.) 

3. The affray at Lexington set the Americans w ild. 
Horsemen dashed otf at headlong speed and spread the 
nt>\vs. The minute men and all who had weapons 
snatched tliem up and ran toward the red coats, who 
were retreating for L)Oston. A deadly fire was opened 
ui)on the soldiers from hehind rocks, trees, fences, and 
anything that offered protection. Had not reinforce- 
ments arrived from Boston, every British soldier would 
have been killed. Sixty-five were slain and a great many 
wounded. Of the Americans, forty-nine were killed. 

4. It has been said that at Lexington Avas "fired the 
shot that was heard round the world." There was no 



76 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



telegrapli in those days, l)ut the news was carried by 
men on liorseback. As it s})rea(l, tlie colonists Hamed 
with excitement. Men swarmed toward Boston, until 




Boston and Vkinitv. 



in a short time twenty tliousand were throwinii; up 
intrenchnients to shut the British in the city. 

5. Battle of Bunker Hill. — A detachment of Amer- 
icans fortified Breed's Hill at night without any sus- 



EVFNTS OF 1774-75. 77 

])i('ioii o\\ (1k' part of tlic British of what was i2,"oiii,L;; on. 
They wwv ama/.cd the next nioniiiig to sec what liad 
been (lone. The works eonimanded the city, and Gene- 
ral CJage determined to dislodge the Amerieans witliont 
delay. He sent Howe with three thousand nu-n, while 
tlie roofs and stee])les in Boston were hhick willi i)co[)le 
watehing tlie tlirillino- sight. 

6. The Ih-itisli marched slowly up the hill, and 
showed ])erfoct dise'i]>liii('. The Anici'icaiis ^\•ail(■d until 
they wciv very ncai', when they lired \\ith such deadly 
elleet that the soldiers broke and lle(l. The oHieers 
rallied them, and a second advance was made. This 
was repulsed as decisively as befoi'c. The l>ritish officers 
with mucli difficulty brought their men together, and 
the thii'd time charged up the hill. Fierce Hghting fol- 
lowed, but at that critical moment the ammunition of 
tlie Americans gave t)ut and they were compelled to 
retreat. 

7. The Americans lost one hundre(l and fifty killed, 
two hundred and seventy wounded, and thirty taken 
})risoners. The ])i-itish loss, as given by Gage, was two 
hundre<l ;ind twenty-four killed and eight hundred and 
thirty wounded. The battle of lUiid'Cer Hill was fought 
.lune 17. In one sense it was a defeat for the Anu'ricans, 
and yet no victory could have benetited them more. 
It insj)ired them with conlidence, and united the colo- 
nies in the determination to resist Great Britain to the 
last extremity. 

8. The Second Continental Congress. — Wash- 
ington appointed Commander-in-Chief. — Tlie second 
Continental Congress, assend)led in rhiladelj)hia, May 
loth, voted to raise an army of twenty thousand m(>n, 
and .June loth aji]iointed General (ieorge A\'ashington 
connnander-in-chief He inode.stly accepted the appoint- 



78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

nieiit, ])ut (Icclincd to receive any pay. Tt, slioiild be 
i'eineiiil)ere(l that Wasliiiiotoii was never paid a, dollar 
for his inestimable services to his country during the 
Revolution. Jle and Gates set out at once Ibr ( ani- 




()i,i> I'.i.M, Ai ( 'a,mi;i;iim.i;, Mass., imii;i; w iin u \\ AsiiiN(/r()N 
ASSUMED Command <ii' tmi'. Ai;my. 

l)rid_o(^ to tak(> cliaro'c of the army there. When the}'' 
reached New York they heai'd Ibr the lirst time of the 
battle of l)Uid<er Hill. 

9. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. — 
On the same day that the second Continental Congress 
assembled in Philadelphia, l^ithan Allen and ]>enedict 
Arnold by a brilliant dash capture(l Fort 'riconderoga. 
It was a complete surprise, no one being killed on either 
side. \'alual)le stores were secured for the Americans. 
Crown Point was captured two days later. 

10. Siege of Boston by the Americans. — ^\'ash- 
ington tbund a })atriotic mass of iburteen thousand m(>n 
awaiting his arrival befoi-e Boston. They M'ere without 
uniforms, })Oorly disci})lined, badly clothed and armed, 



EVENTS OF 1774-75. 



79 



and lind little iuniminitioii. Tlu'V Ibriued tlic material 
for an clfective hrniy, and the wise leader set to work to 
mould them into form. He kept the British closely 
besieged in the city. 

11. Invasion of Canada.— In the latter part of the 



.fa^XOItTU£J/y .iSM}'; ,„,i,..i,„.,tiuw}LDi:Ryr.ss •• 

t>Lr.,uvl, n-lu.* Cttt«-J-\rnoU ,.u^/,<J r.. .,n,tk QrEBIiC. 




summer General ^lontgomcry led a force into Canada 
and captured St. John's an<l Montreal. He then 
marched to Quebec, where he was joined by Colonel 



80 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Benedict iVriiold. 




After besieging the town for several 
weeks, an assault was 
made in the midst of 



a blinding snowstorm. 
The assailants num- 
bered less than a thou- 
sand, were half starved, 
and in a wretched con- 
dition. Montgomery 
was killed, Arnold 
hadiy wounded, and 
his successor compeUe<l 
to surrender. Tlie mis- 
erable remnant of tlie 
army luiddled in the 
ice and snow until 
spring, when tliey 
were glad to flee 
before approaclung reinforcements. 



G ENERAI. M()NT( iO.MEU Y. 



CHAPTER XA^I 



EVENTS OF 1776. 



1. Evacuation of Boston. — Washington continued 
to drill his army, and closely ])ressed the siege of Boston. 
Finally lie sent a strong force which fortified Dorchester 
IJ eights. This gave him command of the harbor and 
town, and placed the British at his mercy. Feeling that 
he had no choice, General Howe left the city, with his 
fleet, army, and a number of Tories. They sailed to 
Halifax, Nova Scotia, March 17th. 



EVENTS OF 1776. 



81 



2. British Attack on Charleston.— An English 
fleet attacked Charleston, June 2Sth. Fort Moultrie re- 
plied with such vigor that the enemy was repulsed. A 
great many were killed, and the crippled fleet sailed for 
New York. 







SiGNlCIlW OK THE 1)K''I.AI;ATI0N (jF iNIiKPKNDKNi'K. 

3. The Declaration of Independence. — On the 
fourth day of July the Continental Congress adopted 



82 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the Declaration of Independence. This powerful paper 

was written b}' Thomas 
Jefferson, and was the 
official declaration of 
the colonies that they 
were for ever independ- 
ent of Great Britain. It 
was received with the 
wildest joy thron^hout 
the country. 

4. It was easy, how- 
ever, for the colonies 
to declare themselves 
independent: the great 
task remained to secure 
that independence. The 
hardest kind of fight- 
ing and all manner of 
suffering and hardships 
were necessary. Great 

Britain would never yield until she saw that it was 

useless to press the struggle further. 

5. Necessity for Great Britain's Attempt to Sub- 
due the Colonies. — (Jreat Britain's own existence re- 
quired that she should do her utmost to conquer the 
Americans. Had she not done so, her other colonies, 
in different parts of the world, would have risen against 
her rule. To avert such calamity she had to show them 
tliat the cost of their in(le})endence was too great for 
thorn to fa(x\ 

6. British Demonstration against New York. — 
Shortly after reaching Halifax, General Howe sailed for 
New Yoi'k. His brother. Admiral Howe, also arrived with 
reinforcements, and Clinton returned from his defeat be- 




LiBERTY Bei,i,, Independence Halt,. 



EVENTS OF 1776. 83 

fore Charleston. Tlicse combined forces amounted to 
thirty thousand men, which was far superior to the force 
of Washington. Nevertheless, he hastened to New York 
to protect that city. 

7. British Victory on Long Island. — The British 
landed on Long Island, and a battle was fought near 
Brooklyn, August '27th. The Americans w^ere defeated 
with heavy loss. Washington was compelled to with- 
draw from Brooklyn, and all of Long Island was left in 
the hands of the enemy. The American commander 
took jiost on Harlem Heights. 

8. Defeat of Wasinington at Wliite Plains.— 
Washington's position was so strong tliat Howe sailed 
up the Sound in order to attack from the rear. AVash- 
ington retreated to White Plains, where he was defeated 
in a battle. Fort Washington was captured, with two 
thousand Americans, November 16th. 

9. Washington's Retreat through New Jersey.- — 
Una])le with his inferior force to hold New York, AVash- 
ington retreated across New Jersey toward Philadeli)hia. 
His ragged army was so closely followed by Cornwall is 
that the two armies were often in sight of each other 
and exchanged shots. Many of the patriots were bare- 
footed, and their bloody footprints marked every mile 
of the frozen ground. 

10. Dark Days. — Reaching the Delaware, AVashing- 
ton secured all the boats and hastily crossed to Penn- 
sylvania. He had about five thousand men, while Corn- 
wallis, with a well-disciplined army fully five times as 
great, was on the Jersey shore. 

11. Those were the dark days of the Revolution. 
Congress had fled from Philadelphia ; so many soldiers 
deserted from the patriot army tliat it seemed in danger 
of going to pieces ; and thousands believed that the cause 



84 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of liberty was lost. AVasliiiioton, however, was not dis- 
couraged, and at the very hour when despair was so 
general struck a blow that revived hope throughout the 
colonies. 

12. Battle of Trenton. — In the midst of a driving 
storm of sleet, and with the weather intensely cold, his 
little army of two thousand four hundred men and 



^ .mm 


ft 






^^^ 


[%>— 


"f ' 


» 


s 




4 


* • 


m 


M 




r^ 






'« 




M. 




' ' 


* 


1 




■^ 


'"'ill 


__ 


ii^- 



WASHiNiiTON's Visit tu the MoiiTALLY-worNDED Hessian Cioimander. 

twenty camion crossed the Delaware a few miles nl)ove 
Trenton. It was Christmas night, and the river was so 
full of rushing ice that many hours were consumed in 
forcing the dangerous passage. A rapid march was 
then made to Trenton, which was reached shortly after 
daybreak. The Hessians, who had been brought over by 
the British, were attacked, their leader mortally wounded, 
and one thousand prisoners taken. The Americans had 



EVENTS OF 1777. 85 

only two killed and four wounded. Washinoton visited 
the Hessian commander, Colonel Rail, as he lay dying in 
the house to which he had been removed. 



CHAPTER XVir. 

EVENTS OF 1777. 

1. Renewed Hope of the Americans. — The victory 
at Trenton thrilled the colonists with renewed hope. 
Enlistments increased, confidence was restored, and tlie 
feeling became general that the crisis had been passed. 
Hard work remained to be done, but triumph in the end 
was sure. 

2. Cornwallis was so near that Washington recrossed 
into Pennsylvania with his prisoners on the day of the 
victory. Three days later he returned to Trenton, where 
his army was increased to six thousand. Cornwallis 
with a larger force marched down from I'rinceton, with 
the resolve to wipe out the disgrace of a few days before. 

3. Battle of the Assunpink.— A conflict took place 
January 2d across the Assunpink Creek, which flows 
through the town. The British were repulsed and lost 
a number of men. The fii'ing ceased nt dusk, and the 
foi-ccs (■n('ain])ed on o[>]iositc sides of the stream. 

4. Victory at Princeton. — The situation of Wash- 
ington was critical, for the ice-gorged Delaware was be- 
liiiid ]iim and shut off his retreat in the face of the 
enemy. He therefore kept his camp-fires burning 
brightly, so as to make it appear tliat his army was 
present, but in tlie darkness he stole around the British 
forces, and reached Princeton, ten miles away, at day- 
break. There he assailed the enemy, captured more 



86 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tlinii two Imndivd, and drove the rest pell-mell out of 
the {own. One of the first eannon-balls fired crashed 

through a })ortrait of King 
George in the college build- 
ings. The battle of Prince- 
ton took place January 3d. 

5. The Two Armies in 
Winter Quarters. — This vic- 
tory compelled the British to 
fall back to New Brunswick, 
where they remained during 
the winter. Washington with- 
drew to Morristown, went into 
winter c^uarters, and stayed 
until JNIay. lie busied him- 




GENERAL Bl'EGOYNE. 



self in recruiting his army 



and in making forays upon the enemy. 

6. Burgoyne's Invasion.— General Burgoyne set 
out with a large army from Canada, intending to cap- 
ture Albany and join the British forces in New York. 
Had he succeeded, the American colonies would have 
been cut in twain. It looked for a time as if nothing 
could avert this calamity. 

7. Ticonderoga was evacuated, the artillery and all the 
stores falling into the hands of the enemy. The same fate 
overtook Forts Grown Point and Edward, and the enemy 
secured full control of Lakes Ghamplain and (Jeorge. 

8. Victory at Bennington. — A force of (}ermans 
sent out from Fort Edward to capture horses and sup- 
])lies was totally routed at Bennington by General 
Htark. General Gates, wdio was doing his best to oppose 
the advance of Burgoyne, found his army rapidly in- 
creased by reinforcements from New York and New' 
England, 



EVENTS OF 1777. 



87 



9. Surrender of Burgoyne. — Burgoyne was in press- 
ing need of supplies, and his situation became critical. 
He attacked the Amer- 
icans at Bemis Heights, 
and after a hard battle 
was defeated. He was 
now gradually but sure- 
ly hemmed in on every 
side until his situation 
was hopeless : he sur- 
rendered his whole 
army, October ] 6th, 
numbering nearly six 
tliousand men. 

10. Fall of Philadel- 
phia. — Meantime, mat- 
ters had gone ill else- 
where for the Amer- 
icans. General Howe 

sailed from New York, and, entering Chesapeake Bay, 
marched upon Philadelphia. Washington's army was 
much weaker than the British, and he withdrew to 
Chadd's Ford, on the Brandywine. There he was 
attacked, September 11th, and defeated. Philadelphia 
was captured, and the British established themselves in 
winter ([uarters in that city and in Germantown. 

11. Defeat at Germantown. — October 4th, Washing- 
ton attacked the enemy at Germantown. For a time 
victory seemed within his grasp, but a dense fog pre- 
vented the co-operation of the different divisions, and 
the fierce resistance of the enemy in a stone house still 
further complicated matters. The Americans withdrew 
at the moment of trium])h. 

12. Washington at Valley Forge. — Howe now re- 




<;KNKI;AI. (iATKS. 



88 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



duced the forts below Pliilade]])lii;i which shut off his 
supphes. Nothing more could l)e done by Washington, 
and he went into winter quarters at A'alley Forge, leaving 
the enemy in possession of the capital and the most im- 
portant city in the colonies. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

EVENTS OF 1778. 

1. Sufferings of Washington's Army. — The winter 
of 1777-78 was unusually severe. Wasliington's army 
shivered and starved in their rags at A^alley Forge, while 
Howe and his forces held high revel in Philadelphia, 




Washington's HEAi)-(iUAHTEKs at Valley Forge. 

twenty miles away. They were abundantly supplied 
with gold and lived on the fat of the land. The Con- 
tinental currency in which the patriots were paid was 
almost worthless. Few of the soldiers had any bedding, 



EVENTS OF 1778. 



89 



TWO THOUSAND DOLLARS. 

^ -»-»-!-<-<-t-«-4-»-/l-»-t.^-»-+->-*-* <• l" » » »-»-» 

No. 723^4/ «{ jC.6oo > 

l^j-J^mHIS Bill of Two Thousand 

WXTy-aj DOLLARS fh^ll be exchanged and rt- 
a<*v'4*l^ deemeJ in Spam/I} MilttJ Xiollart, or the 
S!3BiEi«_ value thereof in Gold or Sil^ei, st ihe rate 
ofO/if/o;- 'F:n-;y, at the Trcafury of VIRGINIA, on or 
befoie the //ir/u/Aday of Df cember, Ont ihoafanA feven 
'■umirr.l n'lHmneii-jour, acccordin^ {0 ail Afl of Aletnbly 
[jaficd the fcvcnth day of May, 17S1 " 

^IX HUNDRED POUNDS. ^ 

> P R I N T e D .« 8 V ,^.' J O H N « I7U N L A P. j> 
Virginia Currency. 

iind inaiiy could not obtain even straw. When tliey 
moved about they left their bloody footprints in tlie snow. 





WASHIN(iTON IN I'KAYKl: AT \a1.1,KV KdKCE. 

During the coldest nights numbers huddled about the 
fires until daylight to save themselves from freezing. 



90 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



2, Help from Abroad. — Baron Steuben, La 
Fayette, Pulaski, and De Kalb. — The spring, how- 
ever, brought sunshine and hope. The sympathy of 

more than one Euro- 
pean nation was roused 
in behalf of the strug- 
gling colonies, and a 
number of excellent 
officers joined the pa- 
triots. Among them 
were Baron Steuben 
and the Mai-quis de 
La Fayette.' The for- 
mer became inspector- 
general of the army, 
and by his ability and 
skill brought it to a 
high state of disci})line. 
Among others who 
gave great help to the 
Americans were ('ouiit 
Pulaski and the self- 
styled Baron de Kalb. 

3. Assistance from France. — Through the etibrts 
of Benjamin Franklin- the king of France concluded 

^ La Fayette, whose name will be for ever honored in America, was a 
chivalrous Frenchman who, when not twenty years old, witli a lovely 
wife and great honors awaiting him in his own country, left them all and 
enlisted on the side of American independence. He bought a vessel with 
his own means, and, escaping the oHicers that sought to detain him, crossed 
the tempestuous Atlantic, landing at Charleston, whence he hastened to 
Philadelphia, where he asked Congress to permit him to serve as a volun- 
teer without pay. He became a major-general before he was twenty-one, 
and enjoyed the fidlest contidence and friendship of Washington. 

''■ Benjamin Franklin was one of the most famous of Americans. He 
was born in Boston in 17UG, and died in Philadelphia in 1790. His father 




Gkneral La Fayettk 



EVENTS OF 1778. 91 

a treaty, February 0, 1778, with the United States, 
acknowledging its independence and pledging to give 
it material help. France loaned money, furnished 
military stores, and prepared to send a fleet to aid the 
colonies in tlie struggle. 

4. Alarm of England. — England was alarmed. She 
sent connnissioners to this country, and offered to give 
the colonies all that they asked, except tlie one great 
boon — independence. Since that was the aim of the 
patriots, and it was already in sight, the negotiations 
came to naught. 

5. Evacuation of Philadelphia. — Battle of Mon- 
mouth Court-house,— The British army occupied 
Philadelphia until June. General Howe was succeeded 
by Sir Henry Clinton, who, afraid of being slnit in by 
the French fleet, started overland for New York. AVash- 
ingtoii followed in hot pursuit, and overtook him at 

■was a soap-nnd-candlemaker, and Benjamin Avas the youngest son among 
seventeen cliildren. By tlie most rigid economy he managed to bny a few 
books, which he studied whenever he conld gain the chance. When seven- 
teen years (dd lie Landed in Philadelphia with only a dollar or two in his 
possession. lie secured work as a printer and was persuaded to go to 
England, v.here he found himself penniless, but he also found work and 
friends. He came back to I'hiladelphia, established a newspaper, and, 
beginning in 17.S2, pnl)lished ifjr twenty years Poor Eichard'f< Almanac. 
This annual abounded with such quaint wit, homely iihilosophy, wise 
proverbs, and valuable household hints that it became popular in Eui'ope 
as well as in America. He acquired a fine fortune and devoted himself to 
science. His discoveries in electricity made him renowned throughout 
the world. He was an ardent patriot, who contributed not only his best 
efforts, but his money, to tlu> cause of American independence. He was 
immensely pojiular at the French court, and acquired great iniluence. 
He was thus enabled to render invaluable service to the colonies. On his 
return he was elected for three stu-cessive years president of Pennsylvania. 
He gave his entire salary, amounting to !?30,000, to benevolent objects. 
Great and deserving honors were shown to him on his death, his funeral 
being attended by more than twenty thousand persons. 



92 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Monmoutli Court-lionse. The lieat was so great that 
many soldiers in both armies were overcome. The battle 
was fought Juno 28, 177S. 

6. Treachery of General Lee. — General Charles 
Lee, by disobedience of orders, came near losing the 
battle. At the critical moment, when all seemed lost, 
A\'ashington assumed charge, ordered Lee to the rear, 
and turned the seeming defeat into victory. Molly 
Pitcher, seeing her husband, an artilleryman, fall at his 
post, seized the rammer and served the piece with great 




iMoLI.V I'lTfllER. 



skill during the rest of the battle. She was rewarded 
with a sergeant's commission and half-pay through life. 
The English stole off in the darkness, and continued 
their Higlit toward New York. General Lee was dis- 
missed from the army for his incom})etency. A few 



EVENTS OF 1779. 93 

years since proof was brought to light that Lee was a 
traitor to the American cause. 

7. Retreat of General Sullivan. — General Sullivan 
marched with a coiisi(k'ra])lc force to attack Newport. 
It had been arranged tliat the French fleet was to help 
him. This fleet had hardly entered Narragansett Bay 
when Howe appeared off tlie harl)or with the English 
fleet. D'Estaing (des-tang') sailed out to fight him, but 
a severe storm com})elled both fieets to put in for repairs. 
Sullivan, l)eing left without his allies, retreated in time 
to escape Clinton, who was advancing from New York 
with a superior force. 

8. The Southern Colonies Overrun. — Having 
failed so signally in the North, England now made the 
attempt, and succeeded too well, in overrunning the 
Southern colonies. By the close of the year Savannah 
was captured and Georgia subjugated. 



CHAPTER XTX. 

EVENTS OF 1779. 

1. Conquest of Georgia. — Following out the plan 
of transft'rring the war to the South, the British forces 
completed the conquest of (}eorgia. They })laced an 
English governor in power, and with some reason 
l)oasted that the mother-country had one loyal prov- 
ince among the rebellious colonies. 

2. Repulse of the Combined Assault on Savannah. 
— D'Estaing joined (ieii. Benj. Lincoln in Se})tember at Sa- 
vannah. An assault on the city resulted in a repulse, with 



94 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Count Pulaski. 

the 15th of July, General 
" Mad Anthony " because 
with four regiments 
against Stony Point. 
The night was so sultry 
that the men threw off 
their outer clothing, but 
they eagerly charged, 
and, although met by a 
fierce resistance, quick- 
ly captured the post 
and secured nearly six 
hundred ])risoners. 

4. Massacre of 
Wyoming. — 'Vhv In- 
dians had taken sides 
with the Britisli and 
committed many atro- 



the loss of a thousand 
men. Among the killed 
were the brave Sergeant 
Jasper and Count Pu- 
laski. D'Estaing gave 
the Americans no more 
help than at Newport. 
His course, indeed, 
seemed to justify the 
charge of timidity on 
his part. 

3. Capture of 
Stony Point by Gen- 
eral Wayne. — The col- 
onies made little prog- 
ress during 177i>. On 
Anthony Wayne, often known as 
of hisdasli and daring, marched 




Genekai, Anthony Wayne. 



EVENTS OF 1779. 



95 



cities. Tlic massacre of AVyoming, in the summer of 
1778, was one of the most shocking in our history. The 
Indians murdered many families in the Mohawk A^alley, 
and did so much evil that General Sullivan Avas sent with 
an expedition into the Indian country. 

5. General Sullivan's Campaign against the 
Indians. — Sullivan made thorough work in his cam- 
})aign against the Iro(]uois. He burned forty of their 
villages, and so utterly destroyed their harvest-fields 
that many Indians died during the following winter 
from starvation. It was fearful punishment, but it was 
necessary. 

6. The War on the Ocean. — Great Britain had 
long claimed to be mistress of the seas. Few dreamed, 
at the opening of the 

Revolution, that any 
contest could be made 
with her on the ocean. 
We had no navy, and 
no means of building 
one, while she possessed 
the finest in the world. 
The })luck of the patri- 
ots, however, led them 
to tit out a number of 
swift-sailing privateers 
with which vast harm 
was done to the British 
shipping. 

7. Exploits of Paul 
Jones. — Paul Jones 
proved himself one of 

the most daring and skillful fighters that ever sailed on 
the ocean. Some of his exploits have never been sur- 




I'AUI. Junes. 



96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

passed in licroisni. One iii!j,lit, in ITT^S, with tliirty-one 
voluntc'crs, \\v landed on \\\v coast of ( "undjerland, sot 
fire to three vessels in the liarbor of Whitehaven, and 
spiked a number of cannon in the guard-room of tlie 
fort. 

S. in ITTiMic j)ut to sea in tlu' llon-HnminePdchard, 
an old liidiaiuan pi'esented to him by tlie king of 
1'' ranee. He was accompanied by two consorts, tlie 
Alliance and Pdllm. On the evening of September 23d, 
when the full moon was sliining, he opened battle with 
the British ship Scrapis, carrying fifty guns, wdiile the 
JiOn-Jfonniic /Hclifinl liad ])ut Ibrty-four. 

9. Jones wished to light at close quarters. After 
closing with the Scmpix, he found he could not bring 
his guns to bi>ar, and fell off. Idie I)ritish commander 
shouted, "Have you struck?" — " iStruck !" called out 
Jones ; " J haven't begun lighting yet." As the t^crapis 
swung round her jib-boom caught in the rigging of 
the liichard, and Jones himself lashed the boom to the 
mast. The two ships were so close that when the 
/ScTop/.s' atteui[)ted to fire, she could not o})en her ports; 
so she cleared the way by blowing out the port-lids witli 
her own shots. 

10. This awful sea-fight lasted for two hours, in the 
height of the l)attle the i*'i'ench commander of Jones's 
consort, the A/lioncc, fired broadside after broadside into 
the liirltdrd, which fought on, without paying attention 
to this fearful fire in the rear. The French captain was 
afterward ju'onounced insane. 

11. Th(! light became hand to hand, and was con- 
tinued with unsurpassable bravery on both sides. Each 
vessel was on fire several times, and when the English 
commander himself hauled down his flag, the din and 



EVENTS OF 1779. 



97 



confusion were so overpowering that many believed it 
was the Bklaivd that luid surrendered. 




Meual stkuck in Honor of Paui, Jones. 

12. Subsequent Career of Paul Jones.— Junes had 



98 



IIISTOHY 0/<' 77//'; VNirKl) STATES. 



]);ir('ly time !<> I'ciiitixc his woiiiidcd and liis ci-cw to tlic 
iS<'r<i/)l''< wlicii liis own Ncsscl sank. I'our-lil'tlis ol' liis 
iiicii wci'c killed Ol' \voiiiule<l. .loiies received ail a])|)ro- 
priate iiiedal and vote ol' thanks from Conm'ess. This 
was the last hatlle he ton^lit lor the Americans. In 
JT^S he was made a I'ear-admiral in the iJnssian iia\'\', 
and ronL!,lil against the Tnrks. lie die'd in Paris in 
IT*.*-, in jioNcrty and nei;'leet. 



(' II A I'T K K XX, 



EVENTS OK 17SO. 

1. The Treason of Benedict Arnold. —The most 
sliockin^' incident of this year was the treason ol" ( ieii- 
ei'al rx'iiedict Arnold. lie was one of the most darini;' 

and skilU'nl of soldiers, 

hnt a. roi^iie lack in t;' in 

moral sense. His ex- 

t I'a valance and o\'er- 

hearini:," d i s |ios i t io n 

made him \-ery iin|)0|»- 

iilar with his comrades. 

I lis oi>|»ressive acts in 

rhiladeli)hia cansed 

cliai'i;'es to he l)roiiij,hl 

au'ainst liim, and he 

was sentenced to he 

reprimanded hy the 

commander-i n -ch ief. 

W'ashiiiiitoii jji'i-forincd 

the unpleasant duty as 

<>;eiitly as lie could, lor lu' I'cmembi'red Arnold's o,allaiit 

services before Quebec and at Beinis Heights. 




lilN I I'll I A i;m III' 



EVENTS OF 1780. 



99 



2. 'riic (reason of Arnold was dclihci-alc and witlioiii 
pallialion. I Ic secured from W'asldn^ton llie eomniaiid 
of West Toiiil, then the inosi important military post iji 
America. lie then ari'ant^-ed with (Jeneral Clinton to 
suri'eiidei' it to him. Majoi' Andre acted as the heai'er 
of letters between the two, 
l)Ut was caj)tui-ed hy three 
Americans whih' on his 
i-eturn to New York. 

3. Capture and Exe- 
cution of Andre. — Andie 
oll'ei'ed a hir^'e I'cward lo 
Ids captors if they would 
I'elease him, hut they re- 
fused, and (lelivere<l him 
and his })ai)ers lo the 
nearest American post. 

These papers were in tlu! ,j^„„^ ^^,„^^ 

handwriting of Arnold, 

aii<l left no douht of his treason, lie was warned, how- 
ever, in time, and safely reached the iJi'itish lines. He 
was paid some thii-ly thousand doMars Ibi' Ins li'eaciiery, 
and was made a colonel in the l>i'itisli army. He was 
dcs])ised, liowevei', hytlie |)eople whom he had ser\'ed, 
and died, in ISOl, in London, detested hy eN'erybody. 
Andre, lia\in<j,' incuri'e(l the penalty of a spy, was con- 
vict(M|, and haun'cd on ()ctohei' '2d. S. i^reat deal of 
sympathy (some of it alto^ethei' misplaced) has heeii 
expressed foi- the unfortunate youn^' man. 

4. The War in the South. — The Career of Gen- 
eral Gates. — TIk' British [iressed the wai- in the; South. 
Cluirleston was ca|iture(l in .May, 17''^<>. (Jeiiei'al ( iates, 
the CHptnrer of Uui'goyne, assumed command of all the 
patriot troo2>s in the South. \\(i aJid his friends at one 




100 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



time tliouglit him tlic superior of Washington, and an 
effort was put forth to make liim commander-in-chief. 
5. The career of CJates in the South proved that 




Looking tp the Hvdson from the Water Battery, West J'oint. 

no greater calamity could have hefallen the cause of 
American independence than that of placing him, or 
indeed any one other than Washington, at the head of 
the army. Lord Cornwallis, the ablest British general 
of the Kevolution, routed Gates at the battle of Camden 
in South Carolina. The patriot forces throughout the 
South were so shattered and broken that organized 
resistance ended for the time. 

6. Partisan Fighting in the South.— There was a 
great deal of fighting, however, in that section. IMarion, 
the " Swamp Fox," Pickens, Sumter, and Gen. Henry Lee 
at the head of their daring horsemen, struck man}^ 
effective blows against tlu' invaders. Sometimes they 
were strong enough to ca}»ture small garrisons and cut 
off considerable detachments of troops. 

7. The Severe Winter of 1779-80. — Washington 




SOUTHERN CAMPAIGNS 

DURING the: 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



EVENTS OF 17S0. 



101 



at Morristown. — The winter of 1770-80 was one of the 
severest ever known in this country. Washington's 
army at IMorristown siitibred as intensely as at Valley 
Forge. Men wxre frozen to death on the highways; 




^Iakion Inviting the British Offrkks to Dinnkk. 

animals died by the hundred ; wolves, rendered des- 
perate, attacked people at their own doors ; the ordinary 
channels of trade were closed ; and for weeks it was a 
struggle for people, even in the cities, to save themselves 
from })erishing. 

8. Return of La Fayette. — Further Aid from 
France. — La Fayette returned from France in the 
spring with good news. His country had fitted out 
an armament of land and naval forces which would 
soon be sent to this country. The fleet arrived off 
Rhode Island in July. The British, however, had the 
stronger fleet, and blockaded the French at Newport. 



102 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Clinton did not dare leave New York to go to the 
assistance of his countrymen, for Washington was wait- 
ing to attack the city. He remained below Tappan 
until winter, the two armies closely watching each other. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

EVENTS OF 17S1. -CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. General Greene. — His Character, and Services 
in the South. — (Jeneral Greene resembled Washington 

in many respects. He 
was able, courageous, 
and a devoted patriot. 
Gates having met with 
signal failure in the 
South, (xreene took 
charge of tlie remnant 
of the army. The men 
numbered barely two 
thousand, were in rags, 
half starved, and poorly 
armed. Greene secured 
a good many recruits 
and effected great im- 
l)rovement in disci- 
pline. 

2. Battle of the 
Cowpens. — At the battle of the Cowpens, in January, 
Morgan, the patriot leader, defeated a strong force under 
Tarleton. Cornwallis with his powerful army hurried 
forward to recapture the prisoners and to punish the 
Americans. Greene with admirable skill retreated across 




Generai, Nathaniel Greene. 



EVENTS OF 17S1.— CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 103 

Nortli Carolina to Virginia, witli C'ornwalli.s close after 
him. The race was a hot one, but the xVmericans won. 

3. Defeat of the Americans at Guilford Court- 
house. — Greene thought himself strong enough to risk 
a battle, which took place, March 15th, at Guilford Court- 
house. The American militia showed little bravery, 
but the Continental regulars proved themselves heroes. 
In the end the Americans were compelled to retire from 
the field, but the army of Cornwallis was so broken that 
he withdrew towai'd the seacoast with Greene at his 
heels. 

4. Brilliant Achievements of the Patriots in the 
South. — Cornwallis with his accustomed skill eti'ected 
a junction with the British troops in ^'irginia, and 
thereby saved himself. Greene then turned aljout, and 
gave his efforts to reconquering South Carolina. In 
this work he received much help from Marion, Pickens, 
Sumter, and the partisan leaders. When the weak forces 
at the disposal of Greene, and tlie many disadvantages 
under which he labored, are taken into account, his suc- 
cess was remarkable. He recovered Georgia and the 
Carolinas, with the exce})tion of tlicir three leading 
seaports, from Englisli rule. 

5. Benedict Arnold's Marauding Expedition. — 
Benedict Arnold, the traitor, had led a marauding expe- 
dition into A'irginia in January. La Fayette essayed to 
check him, but his force was too weak. Upon the arrival 
of Cornwallis from the South he took charge and contin- 
ued the work of destruction. By command of Clinton, 
who feared an attack from Washington upon New York, 
Cornw^allis kept near the seacoast, so as to be ready to 
go to his help. 

6. Cornwallis at Yorktown. — The end was ap- 
proaching. Cornwallis fortified himself at Yorktown, 



104 



HISTORY OF THE TTNITED STATES. 



while Wasliington marched sonthwai'd, accoinpaniod by 
the Freiicli army under Ilochambeau (ro-sham-bo'). The 
Freiich fleet blockaded the Hritisli forces, and fired red- 
hot shells among them, tlie allies, sixteen thousand 
strong, opening the attack on the 2Sth of Septeml)ei'. 

7. Surrender of Cornwallis. — The best of feeling 
prevailed between the French and Americans. The 
siege was vigoronsly ])ressed until Cornwallis, seeing no 
way of escape, surrendered (_)ctol)cr I'Jth. The allied 




The SlUUiKNDER AT YOUKTOWN. 



armies were drawn up in two colunnis, with Washington 
and Rochambeau on horseback at tlieir head. Tlie cap- 
tured army of seven thousand, with shouldered arms 
and slow stej), passed between them. The humiliated 
Cornwallis reniaincMl away under the plea of sickness, 
and sent his sword by (leneral O'Jlaru. Washington 
directed that it should be received by General Lincoln, 




CORNWALLIS SURKENI>Ei:iN 



EVENTS OF 1781.— CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 105 




(iKNKKAL 15ENJA.MIN LlNCdl.N. 



who, the year before, liad been compelled to surrender 
Charleston. 

8. Independence of America. — Spread of the 
Tidings. — Peace. — Hardly had the surrender taken 
})lace when a courier lea})ed into the saddle and started 
at headlong speed for Philadelphia. Changing horses 
frequently, he dashed into the city late on the evening 
of the 2od with the glorious tidings. The watchmen, 
making their rounds, startled the sleepy citizens with a 
change in their usual cry : " Pad two o'clock, and Corn- 
wallis is taken I" 

9. In a short time the city was in a uproar. Bells 
were set ringing, men hurrahed and shouted, and it 
seemed as if every one was on the street. Early the 
next morning ('ongress marched in solemn })rocession 
to church, and gave thanks to God for the deliverance 
of the nation. The aged doorkeeper was so overcome 
with joy that he dropped dead. 



106 



inSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



10. Upon receiving news of tlie surrender at Yoi-k- 
town, England gave up all liojie of eoiKpicring her 
colonies. The conditions of peace were agreed upon, 
and a treaty was signed at Paris, September 3, 1783. 
By this treaty Great Britain acknowledged the independ- 
ence of the United States. 

11. Washington's Retirement to Private Life. — 
Washington, who had won an enduring place in the 
hearts of liis countrymen, resigned his command of the 
ai-my and bade his officers an affecting farewell. Tlie 
ceremony took place at his head-quarters, Newl)urgh, 




WASHINC. ton's HKAI)-lilAKTEK8 AX N lOU lU K<.;H. 



N. Y. Then the illustrious Father of his Country as a 
private citizen gladly returned to Afount ^'^c'rnon, his 
dearest wish being that he might be allowed to end his 
days there in quiet and peace. 



PART lY. 
GROWTH OF THE STATES. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-97. 

1. The United States a Nation. — The lono- striiffffle 
of the American colonies for independence had ended in 
triumph. The United 
States was now a na- 
tion, with boundless 
opportunities. The 
field for development 
was a vast expanse, 
stretching fi-om ocean 
to ocean, and from 
the frozen regions on 
the north to the tor- 
rid zone on the south. 
Climate, soil, and nat- 
ural facilities combined 
to render it the chosen 
land of liberty, of en- 
terprise, and of l>rog- 
ress. 

2. Condition of the Country. — But the end of 
the Kevolution left the United States in a deplorable 

107 




(;p",oi!<;r. Washington. 



108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

condition. All commorco had been destroyed and the 
currency was worthless. The torch of the enemy had 
burned many thriving towns and villages; crops had 
been laid waste; there were few manufactures, and the 
country was as poor as it could be. 

3. The most trying crisis in the history of a nation 
often comes at the end of a great war. Although the 
victory at Yorktown really ended the struggle, for a 
time no one could feel certain that it had done so. King 
George III. was stubborn, and had Parliament consented 
w^ould have been glad to renew the war. Charleston was 
held for more than a year, and New York and Savannah 
for about two years, after the surrender at Yorktown. 

4. Domestic Perils. — Besides all this, the United 
States was in peril from its own army. The soldiers, 
who had suffered and undergone so much, feared they 
would be sent home without any pay. They petitioned 
Congress, but that body could do nothing, for the treas- 
ury was empty. • In their desperation they urged Wash- 
ington to become king. That pure patriot spurned the 
offer. He calmed the violent, and by his lofty bearing 
soothed the malcontents, and in a short time the trou- 
ble ended. 

5. A New Danger. — A new danger now manifested 
itself. The States were virtually independent of each 
other. The most that Congress could do was to recom- 
mend certain legislation, but the States paid little heed 
to its requests. They were jealous of each other, and 
would not levy the taxes necessary, while Congress had 
no power to do so. 

6. Adoption of tine Constitution. — -The tlioughtful 
men of the country saw that there was but one remedy 
for this sad plight. That was the formation of a strong 
national government. Accordingly a convention was 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-97. 109 

callpd ill Philadi'lpliia to revise the Articles of Con- 
federation. Wasliington presided. After much debate 
the present Constitution was adopted, September 17, 

1787. In order to become effective it was necessary 
that it shoukl be accepted by the respective States. Ten 
promptly accepted it, and it therefore went into effect in 

1788. New York adopted it in time to take part in the 
first Presidential election; North Carolina fell into line 
the following year; and Rhode Island, last of all, in 
1790. 

7. Tlius the Confederation ended, and the new 
" Union " took its place. The States had become a 
nation that we must believe will endure for ever. There 
remained a President to be chosen, and all eyes naturally 
turned toward one man, the Father of his Country. 

8. Washington Chosen First President. — Wash- 
ington, since resigning his commission, had been liv- 
ing the quiet life of a country gentleman on his estate 
at Mount Vernon. It was his wish to end his days there. 
He had well earned the repose, but he was too pure and 
lofty a patriot to disregard the call of his country. He 
was unanimously chosen first President, with John Adams 
of ]\Iassa('husetts A'^ice-President.^ 

' (ieorpe \Vas]iin<;ton, :i,s stated elsewhere, was born in Nyestinorclaiul 
county, Virginia, February 22, 17.S2. His father died when lie was 
eleven years old, and his education was directed by his mother, a woman 
of great tact and force of character. The bashful, hesitating boy l)ecame 
manly, truthfid, and o])edient. He excelled in strength, activity, and 
athletic sports. There were few of his age who could equal him in 
throwing, swimming, leaping, or running, and he was one of the liuest 
horsemen in ^'irginia. 

At the age of sixteen Washington was employed to examine the val- 
leys of the Alleghany Mountains, and performed his task with admirable 
skill. When nineteen he was a[)pointed adjutant-general over one of the 
districts of Virginia, his rank being that of major, ile studied military 
tactics under his brother and other officers, and developed such ability 



110 HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 

9. Washington's Journey to New York. — Wash- 
ington's journey from ]iis liome to New York was a con- 
tinuous ovation. In Philadelphia he was welcomed by 
a procession of five thousand })eoj)le, representing many 
trades and pursuits. At Trenton he rode under an arch, 
which is still preserved, bearing the inscription, " The 
Defender of the Mothers will be the Preserver of the 
Daughters." Young ladies threvv' Howers in front of his 
horse and sang a song of welcome. These happy greet- 
ings attended liini all the way to New York ("ity, which 
was the nation's temporary ca})ital. 

10. Inauguration of Washington. — Washington was 
inaugurated President of tlie United States on the 30th 
of April, 1789. The ceremony took place on the balcony 
of the old Federal Hall, and was very impressive. The 
great man fully ajipreciated the grave and difficult task 
before him. 

11. One hundred years ago the nation was but an 
infant compared with the United States of to-day. The 
population was about one-fifteenth, and was distributed 

that when the districts of Virginia were reduced to four, lie was left in 
command of one of tiieni. As stated elsewhere, lie was hut twenty-one 
years old when he was sent hv Governor Dinwiddle on the mission to the 
French posts on the Ohio. His bravery, patriotism, and skill in the 
French and Indian War won the confidence of his countrymen, and led 
to his ajipointment as commander-in-chief of the American forces during 
the Revolution. His management of affairs could not have been sur- 
passed. While not a military genius, his judgment was almost perfect; 
his patriotism was pure, his devotion lo his country unsurpassable, and 
his faith in our independence and future was never shaken. 

Washington was inqmlsive at times, and, as (leneral Charles Lee 
learned at Monnidulh. he \\as ti'rril)]t' in his wratli. He was a devout 
Christian, a strict dist'iplinarian of himself as well as the army, an ideal 
gentleman, reserved and somewhat aristocratic in his tastes, a magnificent 
man physically, and one who conunanded tlie resj)ect of his foes and the 
reverence of his friends. He will ever remain the grandest and most 
heroic figure in American historv. 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 17S9-D7. Ill 



mainly along the seacoast. To the westward the bulk 
of the American continent was a vast wilderness, as 
unknown tlu-n as (A-ntral Australia is to-day. 

12. Serious Work for the New Administration. — 
The new administration had serious work on its hands 
from the first. The nation had no money and no credit. 
The Indians on the frontier were hostile; Spain con- 
trolled the navigation of the Mississippi ; and the few 
American ships cruising in the Mediterranean w^ere 
preyed upon by pirates from the Barbary States. But 
w'e had able men at the head of the government, and 
Washington was a profound and far-seeing statesman. 

13. The Political Parties. — The two political parties 
were the Fe(leralists, 

who believed in a 
strong national gov- 
ernment, and the Re- 
publicans, afterward 
called Democrats, 
who favored the in- 
crease of State powers 
at the expense of the 
national government. 

14. Public Credit 
Secured. — Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretary of 
the Treasury, was an 
able financier. B}^ his 
advice Congress as- 
sumed the debts con- 
tracted by the States 

during the Revolution, and pledged itself to pay the 
national debt. To secure funds, taxes were levied on 
distilled spirits and imported goods. A national bank 




A I.K.X A N 1 1 El; H A M I I,T( )N. 



112 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and a mint were established in J^liiladolpliia. Public 
credit was thus secured. 

15. The Whiskey Insurrection. — Taxes are never 
popular. The people in A\^estern Pennsylvania declared 
tliev would })ay none on whiskey. " Tlie Whiskey 
Insurrection" in 1704 was so formidable that it required 
a force of fifteen thousand militia to subdue the rioters. 

16. Removal of Congress to Philadelphia. — 
Washington made the National Capital. — (onoress 
removed from New York to Philadelphia in 1700. This 
city remained the ca})ital until ISOO, when Washington 




Thl \\jini> lliiisi,, W isiiiNcaoN. 

was made the capital, and that city was laid out by the 
great man after whom it was named in 1793. George 
Washington and Adams were re-elected in 1702. 

17. Conquest of the Indians. — The Indians on the 
frontier gave great trouble. They not only murdered 
hundreds of settlers, but defeated several military expe- 
ditions sent against them. P'inally, General Anthony 
Wayne took tlie field. August 20, 1704, he fought a 
great battle with them on the Maumee. The Indians 
were utterly routed, their towns laid waste, and they 



ADA3fS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. 113 

were forced to make a treaty, by which they gave up 
twenty-five tliousand square miles iiortli of the Ohio. 

18. Treaties with Algiers and Spain. — In 1795 a 
treaty was signed with Algiers, which o|>ened commerce 
to American vessels and released those of our citizens 
who were held cai)tives. A treaty was made shortly 
after with Spain, whicli fixed the boundary of Florida 
and secured the free navigation of the Mississippi. 

19. Trouble with the French Minister. — Naturally, 
the Americans felt a strong friendship for France, for we 
can never forget the valuable aid she gave us during the 
Revolution. When, therefore, war broke out between 
that country and England, our people were eager to help 
France. It was hard for ^^^ashington to preserve our 
neutrality. The Frencli minister was so defiant that he 
began fitting out privateei's in our ports to prey upon Brit- 
ish commerce, and insulted our government. Washing- 
ton asked for his recall, but the trouble was not yet ended. 

20. New States Admitted. — A^ermont became a 
State in 1791 ; Kentucky, in 1792 ; and Tennessee, in 
1796. Thus at the end of Washington's administration 
the thirteen original States had become sixteen. The 
region between the Ohio and Mississippi constituted the 
North-western Territory. The first census of the nation 
was taken in 1790, and showed that the population was 
about four millions. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. 

1. The Second Presidential Election.^ — John Adams^ 
was elected second President Ity the Federalists over 

^ Juhn Adams, second President of the United States, was born at 



114 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Thomas Jefferson, candidate of the Republicans, or 
Democrats as they soon came to be called. Jeiferson, 
receiving the next highest number of votes, became 
Vice-President. 

2. Trouble with France. — The administration of 

Adams was chiefly con- 
cerned with France. 
Notwithstanding the 
strong friendship that 
liad existed between 
tliat country and our- 
selves during the Revo- 
lution, war seemed cer- 
tain more than once. 
Napoleon Bonaparte, 
the greatest military 
genius of modern 
times, was at the be- 
ginning of his won- 
derful career. His 
government refused to 

recognize our minister, 
and finally ordered him to leave the country. 

3. President Adams was anxious to avoid a war, and, 
having been assured that our envoys would be received 
with proper respect, sent three of them to France. On 

Braintree, Mass., in October, 173o. He graduated at Harvard College at 
the age of twenty, and was admitted to the bar three years later. He was 
an active and powerful member of both the First and Second Continental 
Congresses, and did nnich to strengthen tlie vVmerican sentiment of inde- 
pendence. He persnaded Congress to adojjt tiie Declaration of Independ- 
ence, and it was at his suggestion that Washington was a])pointed to the 
chief ('(innnand of tlie army. .Vdanis was able, liont'st, and cduragt'ous, 
bnt irritable and conceited. The latter qualities iiad nuicli to do witli liis 
defeat when he ran a second time for the Presidency. 




.louN Adams 



ADA3rS\S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. 115 

their arrival they were told that in order to secure peace 
with the French government they must make it a loan 
and ])ay hribes to certain members. 

4. Our envoys indignantly spurned the offer, and 
the country prepared for war. Ships were built, an 
army equipped, and Washington made commander-in- 
chief What were termed the Alien and Sedition Laws 
were passed. Tlie former allowed tlie President to expel 
any foreigner whoso presence was deemed dangerous to 
the country. The latter authorized the fining or impris- 
onment of any one libeling the President or government. 

5. War Averted. — Death of Washington. — Shots 
were exchanged on the ocean, and it may be said that 
war did actually begin. At this crisis Napoleon became 
supreme in governmental affairs in France. He wished 
no trouble with this country, and on September 30, 
1800, made a new agreement, by which it was averted. 
Washington, the Father of his C'ountry, died at Mount 
Vernon, December 14, 1790. 

6. The Alien and Sedition Laws. — Presidential 
Election of 1800. — The trouble with France caused 
strong party feeling in the United States. The Alien 
and Sedition I^aws were very unpopular. The feeling 
showed itself when Adams ran a second time as the 
Federal candidate. He was defeated, and no President 
was ever afterward elected on that ticket. Thomas 
Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the same number 
of votes. This threw" the election into the House of 
Representatives, which on the tliirty-sixth ballot chose 
Jefferson President,^ ai.d in 1804 he was elected to a 
second term, with George Clinton as Vice-President. 

^ Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, was born at 
Shadwell, Va., April 2, 174.'5. He was tlie best educated man of his 
times, a fine horseman, an excellent violinist, and understood Latin, 



116 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XXTV. 

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1801-09. 

1. Duel between Burr and Hamilton. — Vice-Pres- 
ident Burr was a ])rilliant but evil man. He hated 




Thomas .iKFFia'.soN'. 

Greek, French, Spanish, and Italian. W\{\\ tlie exception of a few 
trifling words he wrote the Declaration of Independence. He was the 
founder of a party whose fundamental idea was to cm-tail the power of the 
general government and increase tliat of State governments. He favored 
simplicity, economy, and reform, and on the day of his inauguration, 
instead of proceeding to the Capitol in state, as Washington and Adams 
had done, he rode thitlier alone on horseback. His adniinistration was 
brilliant and succossful. It was while he was in oflicc that Lewis and 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, lSOl-09. 117 



Hamilton, and challenged him to a duel. Hamilton was 
shot July 11, and died July 12, 1804. The whole coun- 
try was shocked. Burr was afterward tried for plotting 
against the government. He was acquitted, but became 
an outcast. 

2, Purchase of Louisiana. — War declared by 
Tripoli. — A})ril oO, l.SOo, Louisiana was bought of Na- 
poleon for the sum of 115,000,000. The bashaw (or 
ruler) of Tripoli had become accustomed for years to 
capture the vessels of Christian nations and hold their 
crews for ransom. These nations paid an annual tribute 
to tlie Ijashaw to secure immunity from these attacks. 

Finally, in 1801, this 
petty ruler actually 
declared war against 
the United States. 

3. Tripoli Defeated. 
— He soon learned his 
mistake. Our infant 
navy was sent to the 
Mediterranean, and 
Decatur, Bainbridge, 
Stewart, and others 
taught the bashaw a 
lesson which he never 
forgot. Tripoli was 
Ijlockaded and bom- 
barded, and on June 
3, 1805, the thoroughly 
frightened ruler was glad to make peace. 

Clark made their exploration of the North-west; that the immense terri- 
tory west of the Mississippi was purchased from France; and that our 
decimal system of currency disjjlaced the cumbersome pounds, shillings, 
and pence system of CJreat Britain. 




STf;i'iiEN Decatur. 



118 



HISTORY OF TIJE UNITED STATES. 



4. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. — In May, 
1804, Captains Lewis and Clark led an explorino; expe- 
dition westward. It penetrated to the Columbia River, 
which was traced to the Pacific. It was the first |)arty 
of white men to cross the continent north of Mexico. 
The explorers were absent two years, and the re])()i1 
of their journey w^as very interesting. 

5. The First Steamboat. — The year 1807 was made 
memorable by the first voyage of a steamboat in Amer- 
ican waters. This was the KafJuriiic of Clennonf, which 
was launched at New York, and began her voyage up 

the Hudson on the first 
of August. She was 
the invention of Robert 
Fulton, and took thirty- 
two hours to travel one 
liundred and five miles 
to Albany, but the event 
marked an era in the 
history of civilization. 
6. Sufferings be- 
cause of European 
Wars. — England and 
France were engaged 
at this time in a tre- 
mendous war. Na- 
l»oleon I>onaparte was 
fairly launched on his 
amazing military ca- 
reer, and had conquered most of Western Europe. Eng- 
land forbade trade with France, and Napoleon, in turn, 
forbade commerce with England. The United States, 
as a neutral nation, was oppressed by both the bellig- 
erents, and suffered much. 




RoBEitT Fri/roN. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, lSni-09. 119 

7. The Alleged Right of Search. — The most exas- 
perating indignity, however, to which we were subjected 
was from Great Britain. She was in need of seamen, 
and enforced the so-called right of search. She stopped 
American vessels on the high seas, and forcibly took off 
such men as her officers said were iMiglish subjects. In 
many instances those who were born in this country 
were impressed into the service of a foreign nation. Pro- 
tests did no good, and the British navy was })Owerful 
enough to laugh at ns. 

8. The Affair of the Leopard and Chesapeake. — 
In June, 1807, the British frigate Leopard poured several 
broadsides into the American frigate Cliesapeqke while 
cruising off the coast of Virginia. The excuse was that 
the American had a number of British deserters on 
board. Three men were killed and eighteen wounded. 
The CJicsapeake was unprepared for action, and struck 
her flag. The Lrnjxird took off four deserters, three of 
whom were negroes. The Englishman was hanged. 

9. This occurrence threw the country into excite- 
ment. Captain Barron, the commander of the CJiesa- 
peoke, was denounced as a coward in many quarters. 
Among those most impatient with him was the im- 
petuous Decatu-r, who would accept no explanation of 
the surrender. Years after* he and Barron fought a 
duel, in whicli Decatur was killed. 

10. President Jefferson immediately issued a proclama- 
tion ordering all British vessels of war to cpiit American 
waters. A special minister was sent to England to 
demand satisfaction. England disavowed the act of her 
officer, but would not yield the right of search. She 
promised re|)aration, l)ut never made it. 

11. The Embargo Act. — Congress, in December, 1807, 
passed an Embargo Act, which forbade American vessels 



120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to leave any port in the United States. It was believed 
that by suspending commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain and J'rance those nations would be forced to 
recognize our rights. C)ur commerce, however, was the 
chief sufferer, and the act was very unpopular, espe- 
cially in New England and New York. It was repealed 
in 1809. 

12. The Presidential Election of 180S. — The coun- 
try was in this unsettled state when Jefferson's second 
term ended. James Madison,' the Republican or Demo- 
cratic candidate, was elected as his successor, with George 
Clinton of New York, who was re-elected as Vice-President. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S09-17.-THE WAR 
OF 1SI2. -FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. 

1. Indian Troubles. — The resentment of the Amer- 
icans against England was increased, in 1811, by the 
breaking out of an Indian war in the North-west. The 
red men were encouraged to hostilities by British agents, 
who furnished them arms and ammunition. Tecumseh, 
war-chief of the Shawnees, and one of the ablest Indians 
that ever lived, did much to unite the different tribes in 
the North-west. General Harrison, Governor of Indiana 

' James Madison, fourth President of the United States, was horn in 
King George county, Virginia, in 1751. He was a nieniher of the Vir- 
ginia Legislature during the Kevolution, and afterward a nieniher of Con- 
gress. In the Convention of 17S7 he was one of the ahlest advocates of 
the Constitution. He was .Jefferson's Secretary of State, and followed 
his policy when he hecame President. He possessed a fine education, 
was courteous and sunny-tempered, of spotless character, and when he 
died it was said that tiie wiiole nation were his friends. 



MA n rsox 's a dministra tiok isoo- 1 7. 



121 



Tcrritorv, routed tlicm in a battle foiioht at Tipiu'caiioe 
in November, 1811. Teeuniseh was absent at tbc time, 
and soon afterward entered the British serviee. 

2. Engagement between the Little Belt and the 
President. — England eontinued lier impressment of sea- 
men. Slie even sent 
war-vessels into our 
waters to prosecute 
her offensive sea re! 1. 
The British sloop Little 
Belt, while thus en- 
gaged, hailed off the 
coast of Virginia the 
American frigate At.s- 
iihiit. Not liking the 
reply, tlie sloop sent 
a cannon-shot into the 
President. The latter 
let fly with several 
broadsides, killing 
eleven and wounding 
twenty-one of the Brit- 
ish crew. The Little Belt then concluded to be moi'e civil. 

3. War Declared by the United States. — June 
10, 1812, the United States declared war against Eng- 
land. It must be remembered, however, that the war 
was not favored in all parts of the country. New Eng- 
land was strongly opposed to it, and on the shipping in 
Boston harbor the flags were placed at half-mast on 
receipt of the news. The other sections Were strongly 
in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war. 

4. Disasters to the American Arms. — One of the 
first ste})s decided uj>on was to invade Canada, but tlie 
Americans were only half ])repared, and for a time 




J.\MEs Madison. 



122 iirsTOin' of the united states. 

cNcrytliiiii:, wciil wroiii^-. I''(»rt Mnckiiinw, hchvccii \a\Vv 
Huron mid Lnkc MicliiL!,':iii, was caphn'cd hv the ciicmv 
Ix'foi'c the Auu'i'icaii coiiiniaiMlci' knew (lial war liad 
l)ccii dcclai'cd. 'Idicii (iciicral William I lull, coiiiiiiaiid- 
iut;- a lai'!4(' foi'cc a( 1 >t'tr()il, sliaiucfully surriMidcrrd to 
tlu' l>ritisli and Indians, lie had hccn a hraNc olku-cr 
duiMiij:; (lie licvoluliou, Iml was now old and timid. 
Indeed, it was his ]»re\ious rt'cord only which saved 
him iVom hein^- shot- lor eowai'diee. This disoraeel'ul 
surrender took place Autiiist K), 1S12. 

5. Second Attempt to Invade Canada. — A second 
ji((em|>t \\as made to in\ade ('anada. (ieneral \'an. 
Kensselaer sent a detachment across the Xiai2,ara River 
io attack the British at (^)ueenstown lleiohts. The 
enemy was deleated, and (uMU'i'al jiroek, their com- 
mander, killed. (Ieneral \ an IvcnssehuM' made readv to 
follow U|) his suecH'ss, hut his luilitia ri^t'used to lea\i' the 
Stall". 'Idle hra\e hut small {owe on the Canadian shore, 
beino- (luis iK'serted, was ohli^ed to suri'euder. Tlic 
AnuM'ieans lost fully a thousand in killed and wound- 
e(|. (ieneral \'an Rensselaer was so disgusted that he 
resigned his comuussion. 

6. Results of the First Year of the War to the 
Army. — The lii'st year ol the war was one of disaster 
and defeat t(» the army. The only success worthy of 
the name was achie\'ed hy tlu' infant navy. 

7. Strength of the British Navy. — It must he le- 
incMuhei'cd that (ii'eat liritain had heen en^a^'cd so eon- 
tiimously in war that she was fully ready for that of 
ISI"^. IK'r na\y numhiaed a thousand and tlurty-si\ 
vessels, of which about one-tburth wei'c shi[)s-uf-the- 
liui', and none carrie(l less than se\enty guns of larij,e 
calibre. She had eiuhty-lix c war-vessels ready for action 
at the dill'eri'ut stations on the Aiueriean coast. Her 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, IHOU-H. 128 

n;iv\' \v;is iii.'iiiiicd l)y one liniidrcd iiiid loii ylniii' I liou- 
SMtid sailors. 

8. The American Navy. — Its Exploits. — To com- 
liat tins j)ro(lioi()iis for'cc the Aiiici'ic'iiis had twciiiy 
lai'i;(' vessels and a lew miidioals. 'I'lie t;-o\-enniieiii 
liad almost decided to make no coidcsi on the ocean, 
when ('aptains I)ai!d)i'id<^e and Stewart persuaded the 
aillhorilies to lei the lillle navv do the hesi it could. 

9. Within two hours alter the commander of Iho 
Vrcmdnd leai'ne(l thai war had heen (leclare(| he put^ to 
sea. Cbmin<2; up with the I'riuale rxlridcrc, he killed 
seven of liei' crew, hut she maiia^'ccl to escajx'. Sixteen 
of the /'rcsldcitt'.s crew were killed hy the explosion of 
a i;un. 

10. Auiiust l**tli the Amei'ican IViuale ( 'onsliliillon and 




Navai, Hat'i-i,k, 



tlie ^^'^m^y (o;rire-e-are') louo'ht a Icri'ilic ])atl-le ofl' the 
coast of Newfoundland. In less than half an hour every 
mast and almost every sjiai- of the J>ritisli slooj)-of-vvar 
was sliot away. She had seventy-nine killed and 



124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

wounded when she surrendered, while the Americans 
liad onl}' seven killed and seven wounded. The com- 
mander of the Ccmstitntiim. was Captain Isaac Hull, a 
nephew of the cowardly General Hull. 

11. In October the American sloop-of-war Wai<p fell 
in with the brig Frolic off the coast of North Carolina. 
They fought at such close quarters that the spars of the 
Wuxp were shot away. The two ships grappled, and tlie 
Americans swarmed over the deck of the Frolic. They 
found only the man at the wheel and a couple of ofhcers. 
Every one else was below. The lIV/.s/; liad lost but ten 
men, while there were not twenty unhurt on the Frolic. 
The British man-of-war Poictier>i, however, soon bore 
down and captured both vessels. 

12. A i'vw days later Commodore Stephen Decatur, 
commanding the frigate United States, captured a packet 
with a large sum of specie. He fought the frigate 
Macedonian for two hours, at the end of which time he 
had but twelve men killed, wliile the enemy lost more 
than a hundred. 

13. Later in the year Bainbridge, commanding the 
old Constitution, fought the frigate Java off the coast of 
Brazil. Every mast was driven from the British ship, 
and her hull burst with round-shot. When her flag 
was struck her captain was mortally wounded, and she 
had lost one hundred and twenty men. The loss of the 
Constitution was but thirty-four. 

14. Pre.sidential Election of 1812. — The war was no 
more than fairly under way when the Presidential elec- 
tion took place. Madison was re-elected, with Elbridge 
Gerry as Vice-President in place of George Clinton. 
This was an endorsement of the war, and the naval vic- 
tories aroused great enthusiasm throughout the country. 



MADISON'S AD31INISTBATI0N, 1809-17. 125 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17 (continued). - 
THE WAR OF 1812. -SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 

1. Organization of the American Army. — The 
United States now prei)are(l to prosecute the war with 
vigor. The forces were organized in three divisions: 
the Army of the North, under General Wade Hampton, 
was to operate in the country around Lake Champlain ; 
the Army of the Centre, under direction of the com- 
mander-in-chief. General Henry Dearborn, was to re- 
sume offensive movements on the Niagara frontier and 
Lake Ontario; and the Army of the West, under Gen- 
eral Hari'ison, was to act in that section. 

2. Operations of the Armies of the Centre and 
North. — Little was done by the Armies of the Centre 
and North. Li April, General Pike led an attack against 
York, now Toronto. It was captured after a brief but 
sharp struggle. Two hundred of tlie assailants were 
killed and wounded, among tliem General Pike, who 
met his death from the explosion of a powder-magazine. 
General Dearborn landed shortly after and took posses- 
sion of the town. 

3. General W^ilkinson succeeded Dearborn, and started 
down the St. Lawrence to join General Hampton in an 
attack on Montreal. Learning that Hampton had re- 
turned to Plattsburg, the ex})edition was abandoned. 
This includes about all that was done by the two armies 
in 1813. 

4. Operations by the Army of the West. — A part 
of tlie Army of the West was caj)tured at Frenchtown, 
on the river Raisin, by General Proctor, who next laid 
siege to Fort Meigs, where Harrison was posted. He 

10 



12n HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was repulsed, and then attacked P^ort Stephenson. 
Major Croghan, a young man barely of age, with only 
one hundred and sixty men, made such a valiant defense 
tliat the British were l)eaten off. 

5. Exploits of the Navy. — As during the preceding 
year, the priiicii)al .Vnierican successes were on the water. 
In February the sloop-of-war Hornet fell in with the 
English brig-of-war Peacock, off Bi'itish (iluiana, and in 
fifteen minutes com[)clled her to strike her colors. She 
sank so suddeidy that several of the Americans, who 
had gone to her aid, went down with her. Captain 
Lawrence, who commanded the Hornet, was promoted 
to the command of the OliewpeaJce, then refitting at 
Boston. 

6. The Chesapeake and Shannon. — Captain Broke 
of the SJimniou challenged Lawrence to come out and 
figlit him. IjUwrence foolishly accepted the challenge 
and went out, with his frigate ill prepared and a part 
of his crew under the infiuence of liquor. The battle 
was a furious one. Lawrence was twice wounded, the 
last time mortally. As he was carried below he uttered 
the memorable words, " Don't give up the ship!" which 
afterward served many times as the watchword of our 
navy when going into action. Within fifteen minutes 
after the fight opened the Chcmpealr was captured, wuth 
the loss of nearly a hundred and fifty killed and 
wounded. 

7. Decatur Shut in at New London. — On the day 
the Chesapeake was taken, Decatur, in command of the 
United States, Macedoitian, and Hornet, was chased into 
New London by a strong British squadron, and kept 
there during the rest of the war. He tried many times 
to aet to sea, but was baffled in evcrv instance. lie 
declared that traitors on shore warned the British by 



3rA D rSON 'S A DMrNISTR A Tin X, lsno-17. 



127 



hnrniiic; blue liohts. Tn the partisan excitement of the 
times the Federal party was given the name of " Bhie 
Lio-hts." 

8. Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. — One of the 
orandest triumphs in tlie history of the American navy 
was gained Septeml)er 10, 1813. Captain OHver Hazard 
Perry, less than thirty years of age, \v])0 liad never seen 
a naval battle, com- 
manded a squadron of 
ten vessels and fifty- 
five guns. With this 
he set out on Lake 
Erie to look for Com- 
modore Barclay and 
his six vessels with 
sixty-three guns. 

9. The battle v.-as 
fought at the western 
end of Lake Erie. It 
was hardly opened 
M'hen Perry's flag ship 
was detached from the 
others, and assailed so 
furiously that in two 

hours she was in a sinking condition. Perry embarked 
in a small boat, and was hastily rowed toward the 
Niagara. He passed within a few rods of the British, 
who fired repeatedly at him, but he was not harmed. 

10. Reaching the Niagara, his flag was hoisted. The 
British were trying to form a new line of battle, and 
some confusion resulted. Perry drove the Niagara 
directly through the fleet, delivering broadsides right 
and left. The rest of his squadron hastened to his 
assistance. In filteen minutes the enemy was helpless, 




Commodore Oliver H Perry. 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and by four o'clock in the afternoon the whole Ih-itisli 
fleet had surrendered. 

11. This victory lias rendered the name of Perry im- 
mortal. When he was forming- liis line of l)attle he ran 
up a flag bearing, the words of poor Lawrence, " Don't 
give up the shij) !" The disi)atch wliich lie sent to Gen- 
eral Harrison, announcing the victory, " We have met 
the enemy, and they are ours," became as famous as the 
words of the dying Lawrence. 

12. Victory at the Thames. — A great deal depended 
on the issue of this l)attle. M' tlie British won, Proctor 
was ready to invade Ohio. If the Americans proved 
the victors, Harrison was to enter Canada. Tlie way 
being open, General Harrison lost no time in carrying 
out his purpose. He overtook the fleeing enemy on the 
river Thames. They were overwhelmed by the fierce 
charge of the Americans, and surrendered. Tecumseh 
was killed, and Proctor escaped on a fleet horse. 

13. Troubles with the Indians. — This victory, fol- 
lowing so close upon Perry's, was decisive as regarded 
the war. There was trouble with the Greek Lidians in 
the South. The visit of Tecumseh had stirred them 
into forming a league. Many of the frightened inhab- 
itants took refuge in Fort Minims, on Lake Tensas. 
There they were assailed on the 30th of August, and 
every woman and child killed. Of the garrison of nearly 
two hundred, only twelve escaped. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17. 129 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17 (continued). - 
THE WAR OF 1812. CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

1. Defeat of the Creek Indians. — The Creeks were 
made to pay dearly for the massacre at Fort Mimms. 
General Andrew Jackson led a strong volunteer force 
against them. The Indians were driven from one point 
to another, and finally made their last stand at Horse- 
shoe Bend. There, March 27, 1814, they were over- 
whelmed. They fought desperately, but six hundred 
were killed, and half that number fled. Their spirits 
were crushed, and they were ready to make j^eace on 
any terms. 

2. Invasion of Canada. — The last invasion of 
Canada was made by the American army under the 
able General Brown. Crossing Niagara River, the Brit- 
ish were attacked at Chippewa, July 5, and a brilliant 
victory secured. The battle of Lundy's Lane was fought 
twenty days later. General Winfield Scott was the hero 
of this engagement. He had but one thousand men, 
but ho bravely kept up the light, and the furious battle 
lasted until midnight. The number of Americans taking 
part was about four thousand, and the British about five 
thousand. One-fifth of tliose on each side were killed 
and wounded. 

3. The Americans retained possession of the field, 
but withdrew the next day. General Scott was so 
severely wounded that he was unable to take any fur- 
ther part in the war. General Brown was also hurt, 
but not badly. He received the thanks of Congress and 
a gold medal for his services. He held the highest posi- 
tion in the army until 1828. 



130 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



4. (ioiicral Urown's need of I'cinforcements had 
(IniiiUMl l'latts])ur<;- of all but fifteen hundred troops. 
The eonnnander of the British army marched against 
the place with twelve thousand veterans. At the same 
time the Ih'itish fleet on Lake Cliamplain attacked the 
American s(juadr()n under Commodore Macdonough. 

'V\\o latter had eighty- 
<ix guns and eight 
hundred and twent}'- 
men, while Commo- 
dore Downie had nine- 
ty-five guns and more 
than a thousand nu>n. 
5. Macdonough's 
Naval Victory. — The 
naval battle lasted a 
little more than two 
hours. The fight was 
<(^ desperate that at its 
ilose not a mast was 
left uninjured in either 
scjuadron. Commodore 
Downie was killed, his 
shi]i surrendered, and nearly all the others were sunk 
or captured. The British general, Prevost, was also de- 
feated in the land attack, and withdrew in the night, leav- 
ing the sick and wounded in the hands of the Americans. 
6. Capture of Washington. — The Star-Spangled 
Banner. — The British were more successful in their 
invasion by way of Chesai)eake Bay. They landed a 
l)Owerful army, in August, 1814, and gained a decisive 
victory at Bladensburg in IShiryland. They then marched 
upon Washington, and burned the Capitol, the Pres- 
ident's house, and the principal public buildings. Balti- 




T|["MA< >r \rl.iiN(iri,II. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17. 131 

more was next attacked by land and water, but the Brit- 
isli were repulsed. This victory inspired Francis S. Key 
to write our national hymn, "The Star-spangled Banner." 

7. Disaffection in New England. — These events 
threw the country into alarm. The militia was organ- 
ized and the seaports fortified. The administration was 
condemned for its method of conducting the war, and 
delegates from the New England States met at Hartford, 
in December, 1814, to discuss the matter. They sat for 
three weeks with closed doors. They issued an address 
charging the government with carrying out measures 
injurious to New England, proposed amendments to the 
Constitution, and adjourned to meet in the following 
June. The meeting, however, never took })lace. 

8. Victory at New Orleans. — A strong fleet and an 
army of twelve thousand men under General Pakenham 
made the attempt to capture New Orleans. General 
Jackson, who commanded the Americans, had thrown 
up intrenchments, behind which knelt the Kentucky 
and Tennessee riflemen, the finest marksmen in the 
world. The British advanced again and again, but 
there was no withstanding the unerring fire of the 
backwoodsmen. (ieneral Pakenham and more than 
two thousand of his men were killed, while only seven 
of the Americans were slain. This great victory was 
won January 8, 1815, and added greatly to the fame of 
General Jackson. The notable fact about this victory 
was that it was gained after a treaty of peace had been 
signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. In tliose days 
submarine telegraphs and swift-sailing steamers were 
unknown, and it took news a long time to travel across 
the ocean. 

9. The Treaty of Ghent. — The treaty of (ilient was 
a farce. The real cause of the war was the right of 



132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

search, in which l']iiglaii(l })e'rsiste(l. Not a word was 
said about this, and the dispute remained just as it was 
before tlie first gun was fired. Tlie quarrel, however, 
lias never l)een revived. The people were delighted 
that peace had come, and did not sto]) to consider the 
])recise terms. 

10. Cost of the War. — The war had proved a <lear 
on(\ It luid cost us a thousand six hundred and eighty- 
three vessels, more tlian eighteen thousand sailors, and a 
debt of a hundred million dollars. Business was de- 
})ressed, factories idle, and connnercc was destroyed, 
I)Ut all this quickly changed. Within twenty-four 
liours after the arrival of the news the dockyards rang 
with the sound of saw and hammer. 

11. The Finances. — Our finances were in a bad way. 
In ISlC), Congr','ss passed a bill chartering a new bank, 
entitled " the Bank of the United States." It was vetoed 
by the President, but amended and passed the next ses- 
sion. The bank went into operation March 4, 1S17, and 
the country's credit greatly improved. 

12. War with Algiers. — Meanwhile the Dey of 
Algiers began sending out his pirates with orders to 
collect tribute from American vessels. C'ommodoi-es 
Decatur and Bainbridge were sent tliither to bring him 
to terms, and they did so with such vigor that no sim- 
ilar trouble tx'currcd again. 

13. Presidential Election of 1816.— The war left 
little of the I^'ederal i)arty. Its Presidential candidate 
received tlie electoral vote only of New Hampshire in 
the fall of 1810. The Democrats elected James Monroe 
of A^irginia. Thus out of tlie first fiive Presidents of the 
United States, four were from Virginia.^ 

' James IMonroe, lifth Pivsident of tlu> United States, was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1758, and educated at William and Mary College. He fouglit as 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, IS 17-25. 



133 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1817-25. 

1. The Era of Prosperity.— iVn era of prosperity 
succeeded the War of 1812. Following the Revolution, 
attempts were made to 
establish manuiactories 
of various textile fab- 
rics, but capital was 
scarce, labor dear, and 
machinery beyond our 
reacli. During Mon- 
roe's administration 
Congress passed many 
laws in favor of protec- 
tion. That is to say, 
a tax was imf)0sed on 
imported goods. This 
raised their price, and 
gave the Americans a 
chance to make the 
same kind of sfoods and J^^^""-^ mon-roe. 




a lieutenant at Trenton during the Revolution, and distinguished himself 
at Brandyvvine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He studied law under 
Jefferson, and when only twenty-five years old was elected a delegate to 
the Continental Congress. His course when minister to France in 1794 
offended the administiation, and he was recalled. From 1799 to 1802 he 
was (Tovernor of ^'irginia, and was re-elected in 1811. During the same 
year President Madison appointed him Secretary of State. There was no 
money in the treasury, and lie pledged his own means to seciu'e the 
defense of New Orleans. He followed the policy of Jefferson when 
President, and died poor. He was plain and unassuming in his manner, 
not great, but sagacious and pure, and during his administration our 
country's development was greater than uu(k'r any preceding chief 
magistrate. 



134 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



earn fair wages. The question of free trade and protec- 
tion has always been an important one. 

2. The Seminole War. — Purchase of Florida. — 
The Seminole War broke out during the early years of 
Monroe's administration. These Indians caused much 
trouble in Florida. General Jackson seized a i)art of the 
territory in 1814, and again four years later. He was 
obliged to give it up, however, each time to Spain. After 
mucli fighting with the StMuinoles and negotiation with 
Spain, it was formally conveyed by that country in 1S21. 
General Jackson was appointed tlie first governor, and 
he performed his duty with characteristic sternness and 
vigor. 

3. The Missouri Compromise. — A bitter dispute 
arose in Congress when Missouri applied for admission 

as a State, as to wheth- 
er it should be slave or 
free. Henry Clay se- 
cured its admission as 
a slave State in 1821, 
but under what is 
known as the "Mis- 
souri Compromise." 
This prohibited slav- 
ery in all other Terri- 
tories west of the Mis- 
sissippi and noi'th of 
I.arallel 30° 30', which 
was the southern bound- 
ary of Missouri. 

4. The Monroe Doc- 
trine, — South America 
is the land of revolution. The various provinces had 
long been held by European monarchies, and these 




Henry Ci.ay. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1817-25. 



135 



provinces now made strong efforts to gain tlieir inde- 
pendence. The United States naturally felt a sympathy 
for pati'iots. Henry Clay urged our government to 
recognize them. This was done by Congress in 1822. 
President Monroe issued a vigorous message the follow- 
ing year, in which he declared that for the future the 
American continent was not to be considered as terri- 
tory for colonization by any European power. This 
constituted the famous Monroe Doctrine. 

5. Visit of La Fayette. — One of the most pleasant 




Bi'NKER Hill Monument. 

incidents of Monroe's administration was the visit of 
La Fayette. He had been the intimate friend of Wash- 
ington, and his services to the Colonies during the Revo- 
lution had endeared him to the Americans. He landed 
at New York in August, 1824, and afterward traveled 
through every State in the Union, the tour covering a 
distance of more than five thousand miles. He was 



136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

received everywhere with the greatest honor and respect. 
While in Boston, June 17, 1825 — that being the fiftieth 
anniversary of the battk^— he laid the corner-stone of 
Bunker Hill Monument. In the following September 
he sailed for home in the frigate Brandywive, so named 
in honor of the first battle in which I^a Fayette was 
engaged, and where he was wounded. Congress also 
presented him with a townsliii) of land and two hun- 
dred thousand dollars in money as a token of national 
gratitude'. 

6. Recasting of Political Parties. — Presidential 
Election of 1824. — A recasting of political parties 
took place. Monroe having been elected a second time 
without opposition, four candidates appeared in 1824. 
The Republican party was gradually becoming known 
as the Democratic, while the opposition assumed the 
name of Whigs. The Whigs favored a protective policy 
and a general system of internal improvements. The 
Democrats opposed these measures. No one of the four 
candidates having received a majority of votes, the 
choice fell to thi' House of Representatives. That body 
chose John Quiiicy Adams, son of the .second President, 
as President, and John C Calhoun of South Carolina as 
Vice-President.' 

' John Qiiincv Adams, sixth President of tlie United States, wa.s the 
son of the second President, and was born at Braintree, ^rassacliiisetts, in 
1767. He wa.s finely educated, and at diflerent times was American min- 
ister at the courts of Holland, Portugal, England, Prussia, and Russia, and 
was one of the commissioners to negotiate the treaty with England at the 
close of the War of 1812. He was Monroe's Secretary of State through 
both his administrations, and filled the office with much ability. His 
administration as President was not popular, owing mainly to the power- 
ful array of political enemies against him. He was a member of the 
House of Representatives from 1831 to 1848. Pie proved himselC a 
brilliant del)ater, a powerful speaker on any subject, and at tlie age of 
fourscore was still known as " the Old Man Eloquent." 



JOHN QUINCY ADA3fS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S25-29. 137 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1825-29. 

1. Admission of New States. — Our })ro.speritv con- 
tinued. Ohio, the seventeenth 8tate, had been admitted 
to the Union in 1803 ; 
Louisiana, in 1812 ; In- 
diana, in 1816 ; Missis- 
sippi, in 1817 ; Illinois, 
in 1818; Alabama, in 
1819; Maine, in 1820; 
and Missouri in 1821. 
A quarter of a century 
then passed before the 
formation of another 
new State. 

2. The Progress 
of our Country. — A 
t)rief study will show 
the great i)rogress 
made by our country 
during the quarter of 

a century succeeding the War of 1812. Immigrants 
came in great numbers to this country, and tlie Mis- 
sissippi Valley was rapidly settled. The defeat of the 
Creeks opened tlie way to the South-west. Before the 
close of Monroe's administration, therefore, all the ter- 
ritory east of the Mississippi, except the northern por- 
tion, had become States, and one beyond the Father 
of Waters was admitted, as we have learned, in 1821. 

3. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 
— The Fourth of July, 182(), was made for ever memor- 
able by two striking events. On that day, just half 




John Qvincy Adams. 



138 



HISTORY OF TIIK UNITED STATES. 



a century after the adojjtioii of tlio Dedaration of Inde- 
pendence, John Adams and Tlioiiias Jefferson ])eacefnlly 
passed from earth. 

4. The Tariff Question. — Tlio tariff' was a stirrini^ 
question during Adams's a(hninistration. The Southern 
States were opposed to tlie tariff, because tliey were not 
engaged in manufactures, and were therefore compelled 
to pay a higher price for goods. The Eastern States, 
being manufacturers, naturally favored the measure. 

5. Opening of the Erie Canal. — In October, 1825, 
the Erie Cajial, which was in process of construction for 
eight years, was opened for traffic. This is the greatest 
canal in the world, and connects Lake Erie and all the 
( Treat Lakes with the tide-water of the Atlantic. It gave 
a great impulse to settlement and prosperity, its earn- 
ings being so enormous that tlie}^ often amounted in a 
single year to half the original cost of the work. 

6. The First Railway. — The first railwav in the 




First Railhoad Train in Pennsylvania. 



United States was completed in LS^lx For several vears 
the cars were drawn by horses. The first steam loco- 
motive was put in operation in 1829. During the fol- 
lowing year twenty-three miles were in use. To-day 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S29-37. 



139 



our combined railway tracks would extend a half dozen 
times around tlie globe. 

7. Presidential Election of 1828. — John Quincy 
Adams's administration was an excellent one, but it was 
not popular. In 1828, he was defeated by Andrew 
Jackson of Tennessee, Calhoun being again chosen 
Vice-President.' 



CHAPTER XXX. 

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1829-37. 

1. Characteristics of Jackson. — Andrew Jackson 
was a man of intense convictions, iron will, dauntless 
courage, fiery temper, 
unassailable integrity, 
and inflexible patriot- 
ism. He loved his 
friends and hated his 
enemies. He cared for 
no person's opinion, and 
conducted the office of 
President to suit one 
person only ; tliat was 
himself. He believed 
in the doctrine that to 
the victors belong the 
spoils. He therefore 
turned his ])olitical 
enemies out of ofiice 
and replaced them 
with his friends. 

1 Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was born in 
Union county, North Carolina, in 17(17. Pie was of Scotch-Irish descent, 
and joined the patriots of the Revolution when only fourteen years old. 
At the close of the war he was the only survivor of his family. He 




Andrew Jackson. 



140 



HISTORY OF THE U SITED STATES. 



2. Jackson and the United States Bank. — Pres- 
idential Election of 1832. — Jaeksoii was opposed to 
tlio rniti'd States IJaiik. Its cliarter expired in 1830, 
and lie vetoed the Itill to ri'iiew it which passed Con- 
gress in 1832. Believiiii;' the hank itself was uneon- 
stitntional, lie removed the United States deposits and 
distril)ute(l tliem anions llu' State banks. In the midst 
of the excitement the Presidential election of ISlVi took 
place. Jackson was re-elected, receiving nearly four-tifths 

of the electoral votes. 
3. Nullification in 
South Carolina. — 
During Jackson's Pres- 
idency the political 
parties crystallized into 
Whigs and Democrats, 
whose principles have 
heen already explained. 
In 1832, Congress 
]>assed an act increas- 
ing the duties on im- 
I)orted goods. South 
Carolina Avas so an- 
gered that she called 
a convention, which 
l^ronounced the acts 
mill and void. She declared fiii'flu>r that she would 
resist the enforcement of the act to the point of with- 
drawing from the Cnion. 

studied l:nv, ;ind at tlio ayv ot" twi'iity-niu' wont to Nashviilo. His inipot- 
uoiis braverv in tlu' wars with tlu' Indians t-ansod tliein to name liini 
"Siiarp Knif\'" and " I'ointcd Arrow. " wliilo liis pocnliarities led his 
admirins: I'lmntivnun to call liin>"()l(i llickorv."' His administration 
was very jxipular, and he will always hold a leadinir j>laee in Ameriean 
history. 




John C. Calhovx. 



JACKSOX'^ AI)ML\JSTI:ATIUX, 1S^9-S7. 141 

4. President Jackson acted with his accustomed vigor. 
He issued a proclamation asserting his intention of ex- 
ecuting tlie laws, and ordered lleneral vScott to C'luirles- 
ton with troo{)s. He vowt'd that he would hang every 
traitor, including \'ice-President ( 'alhoun. who dared to 
defy the national authority, (alhoun resigned his office 
and became a United States Senator. 

5. Compromise Measures. — Meanwhile, Henry C'lav 
secui'ed the passage of another compromise measure which 
gradually reduced the tariff, and was accepted by both 
sides. The threatened disruption of the Union was ])Ost- 
poned for nearly thirty years. 

6. Indian Troubles. — There was more than one 
serious trouble with the Indians. The Sacs and P\>xes 
of the North-west, after selling their lands to the United 
States, refusi'd to leave. Considerable fighting followed. 
Black HaAvk, their leader, was captured and the tribes 
were forced to move. The Seminoles resisted the at- 
tempt to remove them from Florida, in 1835, to the 
lands set apart for them we.st of the Mississippi. 
O.sceola, their chief, was so defiant that the govern- 
ment agent i>ut him in irons. Thereu])on the sachem 
signed the treaty. It was only a trick, however, for 
as soon as released he gathered his warriors about him 
and on December 28 attacked the government agent and 
his friends while at dinner. The agent and four others 
were killed. 

7. On the sann' day that this occurred, INFajor Dade 
and a hundred and forty men were ambushed and mas- 
sacred on the Big Witldacoochee by the Seminoles. In 
October, 18o7. Osceola and a number of liis cliiefs and 
warriors, while in the American cam]) under tlie protec- 
tion of a flag of truce, were made ])risoners. OsC(H)la 
was confined in Fort Moultrie, where he died the follow- 

11 



142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ing year. The Seminole War lasted until IS 1'2. when it 
was ended by CJeneral \\\)i'th. 

8. Death of Ex-Presidents Monroe and Madison. 
— Ex-President Monroe died on the 4th of July, 1831, 
heino- the third ehiet" nuiiiistrate to die on Independence 
Day. Ex-President Matlison died June 28, 183G. He 
was the last survivor of the signers of the Constitution 
of the United States. 

9. Presidential Election of 1836. — Admission of 
New States. — Martin \'an P>uren, Oenioerat. was elected 
President in the fall of 18o(), and the Senate chose 
Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky. \'iee-Pres- 
ident. Arkansas was admitted into the Union in 18oG, 
and Michigan in 1837.' 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1837-41. 

1. The Panic of 1837. — The result of the violent 
financial steps of President -hiekson did not show until 

' Martin \';ui lUnvn, oightli I'residi'nt of the United States. \va.< horn 
at KinderiuH^k, N. Y., in 1782, tive days after the signing of the pre- 
linunary ;irtii-les of ]>eaee hetween (Jreat Britain and her former colonies, 
lie was, therefore, the tii-st President not horn a British subject. His 
education was limited, hut lie studied hnv and became an influential 
politician before reaching his majority, lie was a niendier of the State 
Senate, and afterward attorney -general of New York. From IS'21 to 
1828 he was a United States Senator. In 1S29, President Jackson made 
him Secretary of State, and two years later nominated him minister to 
England. The Senate rejected the nonunation because his course toward 
that country had been weak when lie was Secretary of State. His party 
elected him the following year to the ^'ice-Presidency. The peculiar 
difficulties wliieli he was called to face when President createtl a great 
deal of political enmity, and his administration was among the least 
popular ill our history. 



VAN BUREN'S ADMIMSTRATION, 1S;17-41. 143 

the adiiiiiiistnilion of liis siiciH'ssor. ]>usiness was dis- 
arnuiii'iMl, wild sjn'i-ulatioii [iiTNailrd, and vast opera- 
tions ANCiX' condiu'trd on hoiTowt'd capital, 'riio surplus 
in till' r. S. 'I'n-asury, alter llio national debt was paid, 
was ilividi'd anionu' llu' various iStales and increased the 
era/.e tor sjteeulation. 

2. The erash soon eanie. Moreantile houses went 




M \l;l IS \ \N 



down, hanks that had stai'ted up oNcrvwlieri' susjx'ndcd 
spccii' |)aynient, and disasti'i- was universal. The I'ail- 
uri's in New "^'ork and New Orleans during tlie months 
ol" Ahireh and Aj)ril, \s:\~. amounted to |ir)0,00l),()00. 
Property of cvci'v kind declined in value, several States 
failed, and the lime came when the I'nitcd States could 
not pay its debts. An impi'o\-emcnt, however, showed 



1 u 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



itsrlf the I'ol lowing;' year, but a considerable time elapsed 
before coiilideiiee was fully restored. 

3. The Patriot War.— Tlie "Patriot War" broke 
out in Canada in 1S;!7. Tliis vva;; a rebellion afi;ainst 
Great Britain. Our country, and especially New York, 
sympathized with the iiisur<2:ents. Seven hundred men 
from that State seized and fortified Navy Island in 
Niagara River. The loyalists attempted to capture it, 
but failed. On the ni.ulit of December 29, 1837, they 
attacketl the su[)i)ly-steamer Caroline, killed twelve of 
the defenders, fired the boat, and sent it over Niagara 
Falls. 

4. The President issued a })roclamation I'efusing tlic 
protection of our government to any who should aid the 

Canadians. General 
Wool was sent to the 
frontier, and com]>elled 
the New York insur- 
gents, on Xavy Island, 
to surrender. Tlie re- 
bellion was soon sub- 
dued. 

5. Presidential 

Election of IS40.— 

Tlu> administration of 

Yan Buren was among 

the least brilliant in 

oui' history. It was 

blamed for the hard 

times, general ba!ik- 

ruptcy, and everything 

that displeased the })eople. As a consequence, when \'an 

Buren was renominated, in 1840, he was defeated by 

General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the Whig 




Wii. 1,1AM Hknuv Hahkis 



HARRISON AND TYLP:R'S ADMINTSTRATION, 1^^41-45. 145 

candidate. John 'Jyloi-, of \^ir^nnia, became Vice-Pres- 
ident. After holding tlic reigns of government for 
nearly forty years, the Deraoci-atic party went out of 
power.' 



CHAPTER XXXTT. 

HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADIVII N ISTRATION , 184-1-4-5. 

1. Death of President Harrison. — President Har- 
rison died, on the Uli of April, just one month after his 
inauguration. As provided 

by the Constitution, Vice- 
President Tyler was sworn 
in as his successor. He did 
not act fully with the Whigs, 
liowever, and thereby caused 
much dissension in thai 
party. 

2. Tyler's Unpopula- 
Acts. — An act was passei' 
by Congress to rechartei' 
the Bank of the United 
States, but, to every one's 
astonishment, the President 

vetoed the bill. It was modified to meet his views and 
passed again, but he vetoed it a second time. Then 

' General William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United 
States, was born in Charles City county, Virginia, in 177'^. He was the 
adopted son of Robert Morris, the financier of tlie Revolntion, and the 
son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaratioti of Independence 
and afterward governor of Virginia. He was ednc^ated at Ilarnpden- 
Sidney Col lej^e, and, entering the army, won \",\\nd promotion. He was 
appointed secretary of the North-west Territory in 17'.)7, and elected 
its first delegate to Congress, in 1799. He became governor of Indiana 




JOTIN 'I'VI.KR. 



146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

most of his Cabinet resigned, and tlie resentment was 
intensilied in all parts of the country. 

3. Settlement of the Maine Boundary. — For a 
good many years there was a dispute between Great 
Britain and the United States over the Ahiine boundary. 
This was settled, in 1842, when the boundary as it is 
to-day was agreed U]^on. 

4. Dorr's RebelHon in Riiode Island. — Rhode 
Island was governed, down to the year 1.S42, by the 
charter granted by Charles .II. to the colony, in IGtio. 
This made it necessary for every man to own a certain 
amount of property before he could vote. The dis.satis- 
faction so increased that two parties were formed. A 
new constitution was adopted, in 1841. The Suffrage 
or radical party chose Thomas W. Dorr governor, and 
the other i)arty elected Samuel W. King. Something 
like civil war followed, but it was finally ended hy the 
adoption of the present libiM-al constitution, in 1843. 

5. Anti-rent Troubles in New York. — Stei)hen 
Van Kenssilacr dicMl in ISJO. lie had been one of the 
wealthiest '' j)atroons " — that is, proprietors of immense 
tracts of land — in the State of New York. These were 
inherited from their ancestors, to whom they were granti'd 
by tlie original Dutch })r()i)rictors. l>y tlu^ tci'ins of these 
grants the settlers upon them wcrt' re(iuired to i)ay a small 
rental annually to the patroons. In addition, the latter 
received many rights in conflict with republican ideas. 

TiTi-itdiy, ;nul his Liilliant services in tiif \\'ar oi" ISTJ sccmi'd iiiiii tlie 
I'lTsidoiu'V. 

Jolin Tyler, t(Mith President oC the United States, was Ixini in N'iiijinia, 
in 1790. As stated above, he heeanie unpopular with his party, the leail- 
in<i; nuMuhers of which bitterly denounced and o])posed him. Tyler's 
al)iiity was proven by the fact tiial lie was successfully practising:: law at 
the a,i;e of nineteen, was a meiulier of tlie Virginia Legislature at twenty- 
one, and governor of the State at thirtv-live. 



HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION, IS4I-45. 147 

6. Van lionsselaer was so liberal, however, that he 
staved off trouble. When he died, $200,000 was due his 
estate for uncollected rents, and his heirs determined 
that it should be paid. The demands were resisted ; 
furious fighting followed ; the military was called out ; 
and finally the incensed tenants declared they would 
pay no rent at all. Matters grew worse until 1S4(), 
when (lovernor AVright ])roclaimed the county of Dela- 
ware in a, state ot" insun-eetion, and sent the military 
thither. The leaders were arrested, and through con- 
ciliatory measures the trouble was finally ended. 

7. The Mormons. — A peculiar sect called the Mor- 
mons settled at Nauvoo, III, in 1S40. They began the 
erection of a line temple, and the place grew rapidly in 




MoRMf)N Tap.eknaci.e, Sai.t Lakk City. 

population. The people about them, however, became 
so incensed that they attacked Nauvoo, in 1844, killed 
Joseph Smith, the leader, and drove out the Mormons. 
They fled to Iowa, and fiually founded Salt Take City, 
Utah, where they are most numerous at the present day. 
8. Texan War of Independence. — The vast State 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of Texas, as it is to-day, was originally a pai't of Mexico. 
A large number of Americans settled in it, and, in 1835, 
they were strong enough to declare themselves inde- 
pendent. Savage fighting followed, but Mexico was 
obliged at last to acknowledge that she could not con- 
quer the province, and its independence was recognized. 
In 1844, Texas applied for admission into the Union. 

9. Debate over the Admission of Texas. — This 
question caused bitter debate in Congress. The North 
opposed the admission because it would add an enor- 
mous area to slavery. For the same reason the South 
favored it. It was quite evident, too, that its admission 
as a State would bring about a war with Mexico. The 
sentiment, however, in favor of its admission was so 
strong that a joint resolution providing for its annex- 
ation was passed at the very close of Tyler's term, and 
signed by him. Bills for the admission of Florida and 
Iowa were signed two days later, but Iowa, the twenty- 
ninth member of the American Union, was not formally 
admitted until the following year. 

10. Presidential Election of 1844. — The First Pub- 
lic Telegram. — In the Presidential election of 1844, 
James K. Polk of Tennessee and George M. Dallas of 
Pennsylvania were elected respectively President and 
Vice-President by the Democrats.' The nominating 
convention was held in Baltimore, and the news of the 
nomination was sent to Washington by magnetic tele- 

' James K. Polk, eleventh President of" the United States, was Ixirn in 
Mecklenbui-of county. North Carolina, in 1795. His parents removed to 
Tennessee while he was a boy. He was elected to Coniyress in IS'ir), and 
served for fourteen years. He was chosen governor, in 1889, and was 
nominated for President over Van Buren, because the latter was opposed to 
the annexation of Te.xas. The various measures of his administration 
weakened his pojiularity, ami iu' wisely declined to be a candidate for 
re-election. 



■ POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, 1845-49. 149 

graph. It was the first public telegram that ever passed 
over a wire. To Professor Henry of the Smithsonian 
Institute belongs the credit of the invention, though it is 
popularly attributed to Professor Samuel F. B. Morse of 
Massachusetts. On the last day of the session of Con- 
gress he secured an appropriation of $30,000, which 
enabled him to erect a wire between Washington and 
Baltimore, over which the message was sent. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, 1845-49. -THE WAR WITH 

MEXICO. 

1. Admission of Texas. — Preparations for War. — 

On the 4th of July, 1845, the Texan legislature ratified 
the act of annexation to the United States. Well aware 
that Mexico would never willingly agree to part wnth 
such a vast portion of her territory, the Texan author- 
ities urged the President of the United States to send an 
army for their protection. Accordingly, in January, 1840, 
General Zachary Taylor was ordered to advance from his 
camp in Western Louisiana and occupy Texas. 

2. The First Conflict. — General Taylor established 
a depot of provisions at Point Isabel on the Gulf, and 
then, marching to the Rio (Jrande, halted opposite the 
jVfexican town of Matamoras, and hurriedly built Fort 
Brown. General Arista assumed command of the Mex- 
ican forces on the frontier in the latter part of April, and 
notified General Taylor that hostilities had begun. On 
the 2Gth of that month Captain Thornton with a company 
of American dragoons was attacked by a large force of 
the enemy, and, after the loss of sixteen men killed 
and wounded, was compelled to surrender. Thus, in 



150 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the Mexican A\'ur the first hlooclshed occ-urred east of the 
Rio Grande. 

3. Victory at Palo Alto. — Leaving only three hun- 
dred men in charge of Fort Brown, General Taylor 
hastened to save Point Isabel. On his return he met a 




James K. Polk. 



Mexican force three times as great as his own at Palo 
Alto (pah'ld ahl'to). There a desperate battle was 
fought on the Sth of May, and tlie Mexicans were 
routed. 

4. Defeat of the Mexicans at Resaca de la Palma. 
— On the next day, when within three miles of Fort 
Brown, another large Ibrce was encountered at Res»ca 
de la Palma (ra-siih'cah da lah piihl'mah). The issue 
was doubtful for a time, until ('a})tain May, with his 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, mr>-49. 151 

regiment of dragoons, charged through the grape-shot, 
cut down the Mexican gunners, and captured La Vega 
(liih va'gah), the commanding ofiicer. The panic-stricken 
Mexicans never stop{)ed in their flight until they reached 
the other side of the Rio Grande. 

5. Scott's Plan of Campaign. — War having begun 
in earnest. General Scott {)lanned the invasion of Mexico. 
He organized our forces into three divisions. General 
Kearney, with the Army of tlie West, was to cross the 
Rocky Mountains and conquer tlie northern Mexican 
provinces ; the Army of Occupation, under General 
Taylor, was to seize and hold the districts on the Rio 
Grande ; while the Army of the Centre, under General 
Scott, the commander-in-chief, was to advance from the 
Gulf into the heart of the country. General Wool was 
directed to attend to the work of mustering the troo{)S. 

6. Capture of Matamoras. — (icneral Taylor, pop- 
ularly known as "Rough and Ready," crossed over from 
Fort Brown and ca[)tured ^hltamoras ten days after the 
victory of Resaca de la Palma. Receiving reinforce- 
ments, which increased the number of his troops to 6G00, 
he marched against INlonterey, which was defended by 
a gai'risoii of lO.OOO men. 

7. Fall of Monterey — The city was iiive.sted Sep- 
teml)er IDth. Two days later (Jenei'al A\"orth caj)tured 
the fortified works in the rear of the town. On the 2od 
the city was assaulted and takeji in front. A grand 
assault followed, the Mexicans fighting with great fierce- 
ness, but nothing could clieck the Americans. They 
drove the enemy from the barricades and to the house- 
tops, pressing forward with such vigor that the city sur- 
rendered. Ampudia, the commander, was granted the 
honors of war, and, evacuating the city, fell back toward 
the city of Mexico. 



15-2 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



8. Victory at Buena Vista. — General Scott, liaving 
taken command in Mexico, ordered the major part of 
the Army of Occupation to join him on the Gulf for the 
purpose of marching against the capital. Santa Anna 
advanced with 20,000 men to crush Taylor, who took 
position at Buena Vista (bwa'nah vces'tiih). Here he 
was attacked, February 23, 1847, by Santa Anna, whose 
force was more than four times as great as that of tlie 
Americans. The battle lasted all day, and ended in the 
defeat of the Mexicans, who withdrew in the night. 

9. Conquest of New IVIexico and California. — 
General Kearney left Fort Leavenworth for the West in 

June, 1846. The march 
was a long and tire- 
some one. Santa Fe 
was captured and gar- 
risoned August 18th. 
All of New Mexico 
submitted. While on 
his way to the Pacific 
coast he learned that 
California had been 
conquered by Fre- 
mont and a small 
force. With the as- 
sistance of Commo- 
dores Stockton and 
Sloat and General 
Kearne}^ the whole 
country was subdued before the close of the year. 

10. Fall of Vera Cruz. — General Scott began the 
last campaign of the war j\Iarch 0, 1847. Landing with 
a force of 12,000 to the south of Vera Cruz (vfi'rah 
crodz), he completed the investment within three days. 




General Scott. 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S45-49. 153 

Assisted by Commodore Conner, a bomljardment was 
kept lip for four days. The city capitulated on the 
20tli of Marcli. 

11. Defeat of the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo. — 
The road now being open, Scott set out for the city of 
Mexico. At the mountain-})ass of Cerro (lordo the 
Mexicans were routed. Santa Anna tied in sucli haste 
that he left his wooden leg behind him. This battle 
occurred on the 18th of April, and the army entered 
Jalapa on the following day. The castle of Perote sur- 
rendered without fighting and lai'ge su])plies were 
secured. 

12. March on the Capital. — The city of Puebla 
(pweb'la) ottered no resistance, and on tlie lOth of 
August the army came within sight of the city of Mex- 
ico. At Ayotla it was within tiftet'U miles of the caj)- 
ital. The fortifications in front were so strong that the 
army swung to the south around Lake Cludcos, and 
thence west to San Augustin, where it was within ten 
miles of the capital. 

13. On the morning of the 2()th of August, Contrcras 
(con-tra'ras) was stormed, and within twenty minutes 
6000 Mexicans were driven pell-mell out of the forti- 
fications. Shortly alter the garrison of San Antonio 
was routed. Then th(> height of Churubusco (choo-roo- 
boos'co), where an immense force of the enemy was 
gathered, was stormed and a number of batteries cap- 
tured. Santa Anna, on his way to reinforce the garrison, 
was driven back. 

14. Santa Anna sent out a proposal to negotiate, but 
his terms were those of a conqueror, and it was soon 
evident that his oidy jiui'pose was to gain time. Hostil- 
ities were resumed Sei)tend)er 7th. '^^Fhe western defenses 
were captured the next day. Chapultepec (chii-pool- 



154 HISTORY OB' THE UNITED STATES. 

te-pec') was carried by storm on llic Kjtli, and the setting 
sun saw tlic American army witliin tlie suburl)s of tiie 
Mexican capital. 

15. Capture of Mexico. — That niglit Santa Anna 
turned loose two thousand convicts to tight our soldiers, 
and with the city officers stole out in the darkness, l^y 
seven o'clock the next morning the capital had fallen 
and Mexico was conquered. All that remained was to 
arrange the terms of peace. 

16. The Treaty of Peace. — A treaty was concluded 
at Guadalupe Hidalgo, Felniiary 2, 1(S4<S. by which we 
gained Texas, New Mexico, California, and Arizona. The 
United States bound itself to pay Mexico $15,000,000 
and assume all debts due fi-om tliat government to 
American citizens to the extent of $3,500,000. 

17. Settlement of the Oregon Boundary. — Great 
Britain and the United States had jointly occupied 
Oregon for more than twenty years. The dis|)ute became 
so warm that both countries prepared to go to war. The 
present boundary, liowever, was agreed u])on and the 
vexed question settled. 

18. Discovery of Gold in California. — In the month 
of February, 1S4S, James W. Marshall, while digging 
out a mill-race in the Sacramento Valley, California, dis- 
covered a piece of gold. Investigation proved that the 
soil for miles around contained the precious metal. The 
news stirred the civilized world, and thousands flocked 
thither from the four (piarters of the globe. The amount 
received by our mint up to .June 30, 1861, was more than 
half a billion dollars, and the yield since then has been 
almost beyond estimate. 

19. Deaths of Ex-President Jackson and John 
Quincy Adams. — Admission of Wisconsin. — Two 
ex-Presidents died during Polk's administration. An- 



TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION, IS40-5S. 155 

drew Jackson expired at his home, known as the Her- 
mitage, Tennessee, June 8, 1845. John Quincy Adams, 
who was a member of Congress, was stricken while on 
the floor, and died on the 23d of February, 1848. Dur- 
ing tlie last year of the administration Wisconsin was 
admitted as the thirtieth member of the Union. 

20. Presidential Election of 1848. — In the fall of 
1848, General Zachary Taylor of Louisiana and Millard 
Fillmore of New York were elected President and Vice- 
President by the Whigs, defeating General Lewis Cass, 
nominated by the Democrats, and Ex-President Van 
Buren, the candidate of tlie Free-Soilers, who were 
opposed to the extension of slavery.^ 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1849-53. 

1. Death of President Taylor. — The Slavery Ques- 
tion. — President Taylor died on the yth of July, 1850, 
and Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, succeeded him.- 

' General Zachary Tayloi-, twelftli I'resident of the United States, was 
born in Virginia in 1784, but his parents removed to Kentucky wlien he 
was an infant. He received only a scant education, but was a fine soldier. 
He gained fame in the War of 181'.', especially in the defense of Fort 
Harrison against the Indians. He was conspicuous in the Seminole War, 
but won his greatest distinction in Mexico. His bluff manner and skill- 
ful ))ravery caused iiim to be called " Old Rough and Ready." He was 
no politician, and his nomination was strongly ojiposed by many influential 
members of his own party. His candidacy caused a secession among the 
Whigs and the formation of the Free-Soil jiarty. Plis popularity, how- 
ever, remained during his brief incumbency of the Presidency, and lie 
was held in universal esteem. 

'^ Millard Fillmore, thirteentli Pnsident of the Fnited States, was 
born in Cayuga county, N. Y., in 18UU. He acquired distinction as a 
12 



156 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The question of slavery _<iTe\v in interest. Wlien Cal- 
ifornia a})])lied for admission into tlie Union the debate 
in Congress became so bitter that civil war was threat- 
ened. A large part of its territory lay south of 3()° ?>()' 

north latitude, wliich 
the Missouri Com{)ro- 
mise declared should 
be the dividing-line of 
slavery and freedom. 
The people of Califor- 
nia had already de- 
cided by their con- 
stitution that slavery 
should be prohibited. 
2. Henry Clay's 
Omnibus Bill. — ()nce 
more, and for the last 
time, the wonderful 
eloquence of Henry 
Clay saved the Union. 
His*^ "Omnibus Bill" 
was agreed to, and settled the quarrel on the following 
terms: California was to be admitted as a free State; 
the Great Basin of the Rocky IMountains was organized, 
without mention of slavery, into tlie Territory of Utah ; 
New Mexico, with a recognition of her rights to the parts 
claimed by Texas, could do as she pleased about slav- 
ery ; Texas was to receive $10,000,000 from the Federal 
Treasury- to give up her claim to the Territory of New 
Mexico ; the slave-trade was to be abolished for ever 




Zaciiaky Taylor. 



lawyer, was a moniber of the Assembly fnr tiiree terms and of Cons^res;; 
for four terms. He possessed integrity, good judgment, and aliility, but 
destroyed mueli of liis ixijtularity in tlie North when he signed the 
Fugitive-Shive Law. 



TA YLOR AND FILLMORE'S ALJMINISTRATION, L^D 53. 157 



in tlie District of Cbliiinbia ; all fugitive slaves in the free 
States should l)e ]ial)le to arrest and return to slavery. 

3. The Fugitive-Slave Law. — The Fugitive-Slave 
Law aroused indignation in the North, many of whose 
citizens had aided for 
years in the escape of 
runaway slaves. Dan- 
iel ^\'ebster's powerful 
support of the measure 
destroyed all chances 
of his ever becoming 
President. His course 
alienated multitudes 
of those who had been 
his supporters. 

4. The Lopez Ex- 
pedition. — Cuba had 
long struggled to 
throw off its alle- 
giance to Spain. Many 
adventurers went 
thither from the United States to assist in the war for 
independence. To secure its annexation, General Lopez, 
with a band of nearly five hundred men, organized an 
ex])edition which was routed by the Spanish forces. 
Lopez and the I'ingleaders were captured, and taken to 
Havana, where they were executed in LSoL 

5. Presidential Election of 1852. — Li tlie Pres- 
idential election of 1852, Fraidvlin Pierce of New 
Ham])shire and William R. King of Alabama were 
elected by tbe Democrats Pi'csident and A'ice-President 
over (Jeneral Scott and William A. ( iraham, candidates 
of the AMiig party.' 

' Franklin rierce, Coiirtuuntli rresidiMit of the I'liited States, was born 




Jtn.i.ARD Fillmore. 



158 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1853-57. 

1. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise. — The 

most notable event of Pierce's udministration was the 

repeal of the Mis- 
souri Compromise. 
Stephen A. Doug- 
las introduced in- 
to Congress a bill 
for organizing the 
Territories of Kan- 
sas and Nebraska, 
which left the in- 
habitants of each 
to decide for them- 
selves the question 
of slavery. The 
measure was fought 
with extreme bit- 
terness, but it be- 
came a law in l^oi. 
2. Civil War 
in Kansas. — Ne- 
braska lies so for north that she naturally became free 
without any disturbance, but Kansas was soon the theatre 

ill New Ilninpsliire in 1S04. lie gradiuilrd at r>o\v(l(iiii ( 'ollep;o and be- 
larno a lawyer and politician. He was a menilier of the State Lefj^islature, 
and afterward of both branches of Congress. In the national Senate he 
was overshadowed by Clay, Webstei", Calhoun, Sewai'd, Benton, and other 
intellectual giants. When nominated for the Pi-esidency there were 
thousands who lieard his name mentioned for the first time. He served 
in the Mexican \\'ar as a brigadier-general under Scott, whom he after- 
ward defeated for the Presidency. 




Franklin Pierce. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S5S-57. 159 

of civil war. The pro-slavery and anti-slavery men sent 
armed })arties into the Territory, and scenes of violence 
continued for years — in fact, ushered in the great Civil 
War. 

3. Readjustment of the Boundary with Mexico. 
— The houndaries between Mexico and the United States 
were readjusted in 1854. The new treaty released the 
United States from all obligations to defend the frontier 
against Indians. For this release our government paid 
$10,000,000. 

4. Walker's Filibustering Expedition. — In 1853, 
General William Walker, an adventui'cr, left San Fran- 
cisco and made a descent on La Paz in Lower (-alifornia. 
In the following spring he marched to Sonora and raised 
the standard of revolt. His forces were scattered, and 
he was made prisoner. He was tried by the authorities 
of San Francisco and acquitted. He was more success- 
ful in Nicaragua, but was finally overthrown. Invading 
Central America a third lime in June, 18G0, he marched 
against Honduras, but his whole band was cai)tured and 
he was shot. 

5. Organization of the Republican Party. — Pres- 
idential Election of 1856. — The Republican i)arty of 
to-day was organized during Pierce's administration. Its 
foundation principle was opposition to the extension of 
slavery. The Whig party ceased to exist. The Demo- 
cratic party retained its organization, and, in 185(5, 
elected its candidate, .lames P>uchanan of Pennsylvania, 
President, and John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, \^ice- 
President. The Ivej)ublican candidates were John C. 
Fremont and William L. Dayton.' 

' .lames r>iirliaii;m, lil'iccnl li I'l'esident of the I'liited States, was born 
of Irish ])arentafi:e, in Pennsylvania, in 1791. lie lield many situations of 
public trust and honor, liaving been a member of the State Legislature, 



160 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1857-61. 

1. Bitterness between the North and South. — 'I'lic 
bitter ilvliii^ between tlie North and South grew in 

intensity. The ques- 
tion of shivery was tlie 
burning!; one of the 
hour. The repeated 
(•onij)roniises in Con- 
gress luul only post- 
j)oned the fateful day 
when the embers of 
eivil war sliouhl l)reak 
forth into a conflagra- 
tion that would rage 
from one end of the 
country to the other. 
2. The Conflict in 
Kansas. —The Dred 
Scott Decision. — 
Personal Liberty 
Bills. — The conflict in 
Kansas stirred the na- 
tion. Civil war was at its height, and many outrages 
were committed within the Territory. In March, 1857, 
the Supreme Court of the United States, through Chief- 
Justice Taney, rendered the famous Dred Scott decision. 

of Congress, niinister to Russia, I'rcsidcnt Polk's Secretary of State, and 
minister to Enjj^land diiriny- the adiiiinisti-ation of Pierce. Much hope 
was felt that his administration wouUl I)e al)le to sootlie tiic increasiu!; 
bitterness between tlie North and South, but all cfiijrts were in vaiu, and 
when he went out of office the country was on the verge of the most 
tremendous conflict of modern times. 




.1 \ M I'S BrcUANAN. 



n UCJIA NAy \S . I hMlMSTIlA TIOK isr.r-ci. 



IGl 



Tliis (loclarod tliat 11h> owners of slaveys iiiit2,lit take thorn 
into any State in tlie I'nion without torfeitino; tlieir 
I'iiihts. The decision [)h'ase(l llic Sontii, hut kindled 
anew tlie wrath of the North. 'rrouhle took phico 
whenever an attempt was nuuk' to reclaim fugitive 
slaves, and, although the law had heen declared con- 
stitutional hy the highest trihunal in the land, it was 
repeatedly violated. Several States passed " l\'rsonal- 
Liberty " Bills, granting to iugitive slaves, when arrested, 
the i-ight of trial by jury. 

3. John Brown's Raid. --.John Brown was a fanatic 




John Brown's Foiit at IIakpkr's Fkkry. 



wlio had fought the pro-slavery i)arty in Kansas. AVith 
a band of twenty men he seized the arsenal at Harj)er's 
Ferry, October 1(>, IcSoi), and attempted to create an in- 
surrection among the slaves. Sharp fighting followed, 
several of the conspirators were killed, and Brown took 



162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

refuge in an engine-house. Colonel Robert E. Lee was 
sent with a company of marines from Washington, over- 
powered Brown, and delivered him and his surviving 
followers to the Virginian authorities. Brown and six 
of his companions were tried and hanged on the 2d 
of December. Although Brown was solely responsible 
for this raid, his act intensified the resentment of the 
South. 

4. The First Atlantic Cable. — During these excit- 
ing times the telegraphic cable was completed across tlje 
Atlantic Ocean. The first message flashed under the 
sea, August 5, 1858. Others passed back and forth, but 
the insulation of the cable was faulty, and in a short 
time it ceased to work. At the end of a month it 
was useless, and success was not attained until 18G6. 
Now the Atlantic is underlain Ijy several cables which 
work perfectly. 

5. Widening of the Breach between the North 
and South. — Election of Abraham Lincoln to the 
Presidency. — The civil war continued in Kansas, but 
the Free-Soil party gained ground so rapidly as to leave 
no doubt of its final success. The breach between the 
North and South grew wider each day. The Demo- 
cratic party split into two divisions. One nominated 
Stephen A. Douglas, the champion of popular sover- 
eignty, and the other, John C. Breckinridge, who 
claimed that slavery could be carried into any Terri- 
tory. The Republicans j)ut forward Abraham Lincoln 
of Illinois. He held that slavery should be protected 
where it already existed, but should not be carried into 
any free Territory. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was 
nominated for ^^ice-President. This ticket was elected. 

6. Secession of South Carolina and other States. 
— Formaion of the Government of the Confederate 



n UCIIA NA N '5 AT) SINISTRA TION, 1857-61. 



163 



States of America. — The South did not await tlie in- 
auguration of President J.incohi before carrying out its 
threats of secession in 
the event of Kepubli- 
can success. South Car- 
olina withdrew from 
the Union December 1*0, 
18(JU. Mississippi, Flor- 
ida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and Texas 
soon followed. Dele- 
gates from these States 
met at Montgomery, 
Ala., in February, and 
formed the government 
of the " Confederate 
States of America." 
Jefferson Davis of Mis- 
sissippi was chosen 
President and Alexander H. Stephens of (ieorgia, Vice- 
President. It was decided that the flag should consist 
of two broad red stripes, se})arated by a white space of 
the same width, the union blue, with seven white stars in 
the centre. This Hag was unfurled on the 4th of March 
over the State-house in Montgomery, Alabama.' 




Jeffersox D.ivis. 



^ Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky, .June 3, 1808. He graduated 
at West Point, in 1828, and did service on the frontier, remaining in tlie 
army until 18;v"), when lie resigned. In 1845 he became a member of 
Congress, but on the breaking out of the ^STexican War entered the army 
as colonel of a Mississippi regiment. He did brilliant work at Buena 
Vista and in other engagements. He was afterward sent to the United 
States Senate from Mississippi, and was Secretary of War under Pres- 
ident Pierce. He again became Fenator, in 1857, but resigned when his 
State seceded, in 1861, and became President of the Southern Confed- 
eracy, outliving most of the leaders who took part in the Civil ^Var. 



164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Seizure of Government Property by the Con- 
federates. — The Coiiiuderatc authorities seized the 
United States forts, custom-houses, and arsenals in the se- 
ceded States. President Buchanan saw no way of check- 
ing the alarming movements, which went on rapidly. 
More than one member of his Cabinet sympathized with 
secession. Howell Cobb, the Secretary of the Treasury, 
resigned in December and went South, and John B. Floyd, 
Secretary of War, soon afterward did the same. 

8. Occupation of Fort Sumter by Major Ander- 
son. — The Steamer "Star of the West" Fired 
upon. — The eyes of the nation were turned toward 

Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, 
from which the United States flag 
was still flying. Major Anderson, 
with his garrison, had been stationed 
in Fort Moultrie, but, knowing that 
an attack would be made, he secretly 
moved on the night of December 2Cth 
to the stronger position. The South 
Carolinians were angered at tliis ])ro- 

Major Robert Anderson. CCediug, and, taking pOSSCSsioU of the 

remaining forts, began to erect bat- 
teries with which to reduce Fort Sumter. The Star of the 
West, carrying supplies to the fort, was fired upon Jan- 
uary 9th, and compelled to turn back. Thus matters 
stood at the end of Buchanan's administration. 




CHAPTER XXXVII. 

GROWTH OF THE STATES. 

1. We have mentioned in the proper ])laces the ad- 
mission of the various States into the Union from tlie 
close of the Revolution until the beoinninu' of the Civil 



GROWTH OF THE STATES. 



165 



War. It is well that wo sliuukl learn something more 
about the new members which joined us after the inde- 
pendence of our country was gained. 

2. ^^ermont, the first State admitted after the Revo- 
lution, was jointly claimed by New Hampshire and New 
York. The inhabitants, however, kept up an independ- 
ent government throughout the War for Independence, 
and came into the Union March 4, 1791. Its name sig- 
nifies " Green Mountain." 

3. Kentucky formed the fifteenth State, and was 
admitted June 1, 1792. Its name, " dark and bloody 
ground," was given to 

it because of the many 
fierce conflicts between 
the Indians and white 
settlers. Daniel Boone, 
the famous hunter 
and pioneer, built a 
fort at Boonesborough, 
and removed thither 
in 1775. Kentucky 
was originally a part 
of Virginia, from which 
it did not separate until 
1790. Its inhabitants 
resembled the Virgin- 
ians in their habits and 
military spirit. 

4. Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was settled by 
North Carolinians, who gave up their claim to the ter- 
ritory in 17S9. The first settlement was at Fort Loudon, 
in 1750. In 1790, Tennessee was joined with Kentucky, 
the two forming an independent Territory. Tennessee 
was admitted into the Union June 1, 1796. 




Daniel Boone. 



\C)C) niSTORY OF THE UNfTKf) STATES. 

5. Ohio, tlic scvciilcciilli State, was tlie first to l)o 
made iVoiii the Norlli-wcslcni Territory. This iimneiise 
area included the pi'eseiit States of Micln't^aii, Ohio, 
Indiana, lUinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. 
The lirst })ei"nianent settU'inent was at Ahiric^tta, in 1788. 
There lias l)een some (|iU'stion as to tlic ])recise date of 
its a(hnissioii into the I'nion, l)ut I'Y'bruary 10, I80o, is 
now conceded to l)e tliu correet one. 

6. Louisiana, th(^ eighteentli State, formed the soutli- 
ei'n part of the vast territory Ijought from France. It 
was aihnitte(l into the Union A})ril oO, iSTi. The Amer- 
ican I'lMon, therefore, comprised eigditeen States (hiring 
the War of \S\-1. The first settlement was ma(h' l)y the 
l"'rench at IJiloxi, near the mouth of tlie iMississij)j)i, in 
l(')!)i». New Orleans was founded in 1718. 

7. Indiana, the nineteentli State, was admitted De- 
cemhei- 11, iSKi, being the secoiid formed from the 
North-western Territory. It did not grow ra})idly until 
after the settlement of tlu^ Indian troubles within its 
borders, when its progress in ])oj)ulation an<l develop- 
ment was great. 

8. Mississippi, the twentieth State, I'eceived its name 
iVom the Mississippi River, the " l^'ather of Waters." 
The few settlements that had been made were destroyed 
by the Indians in 1728. IMoody wars continued with 
these j)eoplc for many years. It was admitted into the 
Union December 10, 1S17. 

9. Illinois, the twenty-lirst State, was first settled by 
La Salle, the ex|)loi'ei'. The Indians greatly hindered 
the settling of llie country. The present city oi" Chicago 
was formerly known as J<'oi-t Dearborn, where a mas- 
sacre occurred in ISJ-J. The ])rosi)erity of the State 
since IS")!) has been almost unprecedented. 

10. Alabama, the twentv-second State, was first settled 



GROWTH OF THE STATES. 167 

on Mobile T)ay, in 170'^. In 171 1, Moltilc was louiided, 
and was for many years the ("4)1^11. Alaliama was ad- 
mitted into the Union December 14, 1S1'.». 

11. Maine, the twenty-third State, was loiiti, attached 
to Massachusetts. It was admitted Maicli b5, 1<S20. 

12. Missouri, the twenty-tburlh State, was settled at 
St, Genevieve, in M-')^). St, Louis was settled in 1704, 
and incor])orated in ISO',). Tlic a[)])licati<»ii of Missoui'i 
for admission into the Union caused a long and bitter 
debate in Congress, as has been told elsewhere. The 
question was whether it should l)c a free or slave State. 
This question was settled by the adoption of the "Mis- 
souri Compromise," and Missouri was athnittcd August 
10, 1821. 

13. Arkansas, the twenty-fifth State was settled by 
the French in KJ-S"). Jt was organi/.id into a Teiiitory 
when Missoui'i became a State, and was aihiiitted ijito 
the Union .Jinie 1"), bSol). 

14. Michigan, the twenty-sixth State, was early visited 
by the Jesuit missionaries, who founded the nnssif)n of 
St. Mary in lOO.S. Detroit was settle.] in 1701. Mich- 
igan was oi'ganized into a Territoiy in bSO.". nnd its 
present boundaries were made on its admission into the 
Union, which took place Januaiy 20, l<So7. 

15. Florida, th(! twenty-seventh State, contains the 
oldest Spanish settlement in the T^nion. Its early his- 
tory has been given elsewhere. Tlie Territoi'ies of East 
and West ]"']r)i'ida were organized in 1822, and the State 
was admitted into the I'nion March 3, 18-1"). 

16. Texas, the twenty-eighth State, was \-isited })\ 
the early breneh ex jtloi'ei's, and aftei'ward bv the Span- 
iards, who established various missions. It passed 
through stormy times, and the settlers were few until 
1830, when a considerable tide of American emigra- 



168 HISTORY OF THE VNITKD STATES. 

tion set ill tliat dii'tH-iioii. 'I'lic 'l\'x;uis (Icclai'cd tlu-ir 
indeju'iKk'nce of Mexico in IcSoo, and in the following 
year Texas beeanie an indeix-'ndent republic. It ^vas 
admitted into tlie Union December 21>, 18-15, and, as 
ex})laiiied elsewhere, this admission brought al)out the 
war with Mexico. 

17. Iowa, the twenty-ninth State, was lirst })erma- 
nently settled at Burlington. It was organized as a Ter- 
ritory in bSoS, and with its present limits was admitted 
into the Union December 28, 184(). 

18. ^\'isconsin, the thirtieth State, was visited by 
1^'rench explorers and tradei's early in the seventeenth 
century, (ireen Bay was settled in 1745. ^^'isconsin 
became a separate Territory in 18o(), and was admitted 
into the Union May 29, 1848. 

19. Ualifornia, the thirty-tirst State, was settled by 
the Spaniards, who established the mission of San Diego 
in 1709. Another was established in 1776 at San Fran- 
cisco. At the beginning of the present century the 
country was in the hands of the I'^ranciscan moid-cs. 
Their power was overthrown by the Mexican revo- 
lution of 1822. Kmigrants from the United States 
went thither, and in 184() the country was conquered 
by l*'remont, Stockton, Kearney, and others. M4u>n 
Upper California was ceded to the United States at 
the close of the Mexican AVar, it includcMl what is now 
known as Calilbrnia, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, with por- 
tions of Kansas, Wyoming, Cblorado, and New Mex- 
ico. It was admitted into the Union September 9, 
1850. 

20. Minnesota, the thirty-second State, was organized 
into a Territory in 1819. Fort Snelling was established 
in 1819, and St. Paul in 1838. it was admitted into the 
Union May 11, 1858. 



(ntOWTI! OF THE STATES. 169 

21. Oregon, llic tliirty-lliird State, was visited in 1804 
by tlic Lewis aii<l Clark exploi'iii^- expedition, which de- 
scended the (oininhia to the I'acilic. A fui'-trade was 
soon opened witli the country, and ,i2,re\v into enormous 
proportions. W'licn (M;i2,ani/.ed into a Teri'itory, in LS4(S, it 
embraced all tln' I'nited States j)ossessions west of the 
Rocky Mountains. Its present linuts were made on its 
a(hnission into the Uiiion, February 14, 1859. 

22. Kansas, the thirty-fourth State, was the name 
given to a portion of the immense tract left after the 
formation of Louisiana and other States IVoni tlie T>ouis- 
iana jturchase. The history of tlie civil war in Kansas, 
brought about by the slavery fjuestion, lias been rel'eri'e(| 
to (]). 158). It was admitted into the Lnion .January 29, 
1801. 

13 



PART V. 
THE CIVIL WAH. 



CHAPTER XXXVIir. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 

1. Civil War Inevitable. — Careful observers had seen 
for 3'ears that civil war was certain to come. The va- 
rious compromises in 
Coiioress had only post- 
[)()iied the fearful hour 
when the North and 
JSouth should face each 
other in battle array. 
Slavery must either 
extend over the whole 
domain or perish for 
ever in the United 
States. 

2. Views of the 
Southern Leaders. — 
The South saw in the 
election of a Republi- 
can President a menace 
to the peculiar institu- 
tion and to their doctrine of State Rights. Their leaders 
believed that their allegiance was due to their respective 

170 




ABi:AiiA:\r I.iNCdi.N'. 



LINCOLN \S A DMINISTRA TION, 1861-65. 171 

States before that of the national government. They 
looked u])()n the Union as a league of the respective 
States, from whieh any member had the right to with- 
draw when a majority of its citizens chose to do so. 

3. The Union Sentiment North and South. — It 
should be borne in mind that a great many people in 
the North sympathized with the South, and were willing 
to make almost any sacrifice to preserve the Union. 
There were thousands also in the South who strongly 
favored the Union. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-Pres- 
ident of the Confederacy, made a powerful Union speech 
a short time before the secession of Georgia, his na- 
tive State, and General Robert E. Lee spent hours in 
prayer and mental struggle before turning against the 
Union. As with them, so it was witli multitudes of 
Southerners. 

4. Formation of the Confederate States of 
America. — These men, however, were believers in the 
State Rights doctrine, and when their States withdrew 
from the Union they went w4th them. CJompromises 
were again offered, and a " peace convention" assembled 
in Washington, February 4, 1861. Ex-President Tjder 
presided, but the attem})t at conciliation utterly failed. 
It was an impressive fact that on the same day that the 
peace convention met the delegates which formed the 
"Confederate States of America" assembled in Mont- 
gomery, Alabama, and took the step which made civil 
war inevitable. 

5. Inauguration of President Lincoln. — Abraham 
Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States 
March 4, ISOl. Cleneral Scott had charge of the mili- 
tary preparations, and no outbreak occurred. Mr. Bu- 
chanan and the President-elect entered the Senate cham- 
ber arm in arm, and the inaugural was delivered in the 



172 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



presence of the Huprenie Court, tlie Senate and House 
of Representatives, the foreign ministers, and a hirge 
nundjer of prominent citizens.' 




Early Home hk Abi:aiia:\i Lincoln, Gentryville, Indiana. 

' Abraham Lincoln, sixteentli President of tlie Ignited States, was horn 
in JIardin (now Larue) county, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. When 
only seven years old the family moved to the backwoods of Indiana. 
Abraham reached manhood with little oi)|)ortunity for ac(iuiring an edu- 
cation. At nineteen he worked on a Hatljoat tliat went to New Orleans. 
When he came back his father moved to Illinois, where the son was em- 
ployed for a time in splitting rails. For a number of years he was vari- 
ously cuijaired as Ihitboatman, clerk, surveyor, iiostmaster, and rivcr-jiilot. 
lie studied law iiiidiT ti'i'eat difliculties, and served as a captMin in the 
{'.lack Hawk War. He was elected to the Illinois Legislature in 1S;!4, 
and .idmittcd tn tlii' bar three years latiT. He practised at Spriuglield, 
Illinois, where he met with great success. \Iq was elected to Congress in 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 



173 



6. Capture of Fort Sumter by the Confederates. 

-Learning that sii})})lies were to be sent to Fort Sumter, 








Attack on Foirr Sr.MTKi;. 

General P. G. T. Beauregard (bo-re-gard'), in command 
of tlie Confederate troops at Gliarleston, sunnnuned 
Major Anderson to surrender. He refused, and fire 

1846, but attracted no special notice until selected to answer Stephen A. 
Douglas in the debate on the repeal of the Missouri Coniproniise. His 
speech delighted his friends l»y its wit ;iiid power, and led to Mr. Lincoln's 
nomination to oppose Mr. Dout^das for tlie I'nitcd States Senatorship. The 
party of Douglas was in the niiijority, and he wmi, 1)nt the l)riiliancy dis- 
played by Lincoln caused his nomination for the rre>idency in 1860. 

Lincoln was one of the cjreat men of modern times. He possessed a 
rare vein of wit, was kind-hearted, wise, patient and forbearing, incor- 
ruptibly honest, and with an intuitive perception of the riyht time for 
doing a thing that approached the marvelous. Xo ruler of any people 
was ever called upon to pass through more crucial trials, and none ever 
performed his duty witii more wisdom oi- a loftier sense of responsibility, 
than he. 



174 



HrsTonv OF the vnitep states. 



was 0})eiR'(l eurly on llic moniiiig of A[>ril 12tli. It 
continued for thirty-six lioius, when. Major Anderson's 
situation being hoj)eless, he surrendered. He was allowed 
to retire^ witli the honors of war, and saluted the Stars 
and Stripes before hauhno- his eolors down. No person 
was injurecl on either side. 

7. Opening of the Civil War. — Further Secession 
of Southern States. — Call of President Lincoln for 




Genkhai, Scott ano his Stakk. 



Volunteers. — The eapture of Fort Sumter oi)ened tlu' 
great Civil War. It tlu'illed the whole eountry, and 
united the North as it did the South. \'iiginia. North 
Carolina, Teiniessee, and Arkansas hastened to join the 
Confederaey. Party lines in the North vanished, and 
the peoj)le became ardent in their support of the Union. 
Their sentiments were irrestrainable. Tresident Lin- 
coln issued a call for To, ()()() \-oiunteers to serve three 



IJNCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S61-65. 



175 



months, and williin ilii-cc days a luindred tijoiisand 
res{)oiid(Ml. 

8. Capture of Harper's Ferry by the Confed- 
erates — Richmond made the Capital of the Con- 
federacy. — Tlie c'lithiisiastn was as orcal in tlic South. 
\'ir«^nnia troo])S seized the United Stales aniioi'v at. Ilar- 
j)er's I<\M'rv and tlie Noi'lnlk navy-yaid. 'The youiiji- 
men of the Soutli clamoi-ed loi- places in the ranks. The 
whirlwind swept resistlessly o\cr l.otli sections. Rich- 
mond, \'ir<;inia, was made the < 'onl'edei'ate capital, and 
military prej)arations were active in all (piarters. 

9. Attack on the Massachusetts Troops in Balti- 
more.— The ( 'onfcderale ti'oops i;atlierinii,- in Kichniond 
threatened ^\'asllin^lon. Tiie Sixth .Massachusetts rei^- 
imeiit, huri'yiiiij,- to the del'ense of the ca|iital, was at- 
tacked while passinii; thr(»ut;h iSaltiniore, .April I'.Mli. 
After three of the soldiers were killed the i-eii,iment lii'cd 
into the moh, killinii' nine and woundiiiii- many moi'e. 

10. Seizure of Various Points by Federal Troops. 




FOUI'KKSS .Md.NlldF, \.\. 



— The Repulse at Big Bethel. — Arlington Heights and 
Alexandria were seized May 2hli hy the I'nion troops. 
Fortress Monroe was miri'isoned hv (leneial !>. Iv Jiutler. 



176 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



All expedition sent against Big Bethel was grossly mis- 
managed. The Federal trooi)s fired into each other, 
and ten men were killed before the mistake was discov- 
ered. P^ourteen more were lost and fifty-nine wounded 
in the attack on the Confederates, who repulsed the 
Fedei-als. 

11. Defeat of the Federals at Bull Run. — In answer 
to the clamor in the North, General McDowell marched 
upon Richmond with the Army of the Potomac. The 
Confederates, under Beauregard, were encountered at 
Bull Kun, near Manassas Junction, July 21st. The 



HH^A 




'M 


H^^ 


ifef-r. .. ^ J 


Jl 


1 




1 



Stone Bridgk over Hri.i, Run. 



advantage at first was with the l^nioii forces, but the 
arrival of reinforcements under the direction of General 
Joseph E. Johnston at a critical moment turned the tide. 
The Union army was utterly routed, and fled in the 
wildest panic toward Washington. 

12. General McClellan appointed to the Com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac. — Tlie disastrous 
defeat at Bull Run showed the Xortli the stupendous 
work before it. The Soutii was brave, determined, and 
in earnest. Congress voted half a billion dollars and 



L INCO LN'S A DMINISTRA TWN, isr, l-f;6. 



\Ti 



half a million men for tli(> sn[)picssion of the rebellion, 
(teneral (Jeoi'<;"e ]>. MrClcllan, who had heeome poj>ular 
because of the brilHant manner in whieh he had driven 
tlic Tonfedei-ates out 
of West \'irginia, was 
placed in connnand of 
the Ami}' of the Poto- 
mac. 

13. Defeat of the 
Federals at Ball's 
Bluff. — (Jencral Mc- 
Clellan devoted his 
energies to drilling; 
his new command and 
bringing it to a high 
state of efficiency. A 
reconnoitering expedi- 
tion crossed the Poto- 
mac at Ball's Plulf, 
October 21st. Being 

suddenly assailed l)y a force of Confederates, they fled 
down the blutl', a hundred feet below. in their des- 
j)erate efforts to escape many were shot and many 
drowned, the loss amounting to nearly a thousand, 
among whom was Colonel E. D. Baker, Senator from 
Oregon, who led the recoiuioitering expedition. 

14. The War in the West. — No progress was made 
l)y the Cnioiiists in the Jvist during the first year of tlie 
war. In the West, General Lyon attacked a su])erior 
Confederate force at Wilson's Creek, Missouri, August 
10th. lie was killed and his men defeated. Colonel 
Mulligan, after a des})erate defense at Lexington, was 
forced to surrender to (Jeneral fSterling Pi'ice. General 
John C. I'^remont drove Pi'ice to Sj^ringfield, when he 




KKNKHAI, <iF.()Uf;K B. McCl.KM.AN. 



178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was superseded ])y General Hunter, wlio withdrew the 
army to St. Louis. Hunter, in turn, was superseded by 
General Halleck, who forced Priee into Arkansas. 

15. The War on the Coast and in the South-west. 
— A joint naval and military expedition captured the forts 
at Ilatteras Inlet, N. C., in the latter part of August, and 
a .second secured the forts at Port Royal Entrance, S. C, 
in November. In the same month General U. S. Grant 
made a movement against Columbus, thirty miles from 
Cairo, but the su})erior force of the Confederates com- 
])('lle(l him to retire without accomplishing anything. 

16. Recognition of the Confederacy by France 
and England. — The Trent Affair. — The Confederacy 
was recognized as a belligerent by France and England. 
(^)uite lioj)eful of securing foreign aid, Messrs. Mason and 
Slidell were sent as commissioners to those countries. 
They ran the l)lockade, and at Havana took passage in 
the British steamer Tnid. Captain Wilkes, commanding 
the United States steamer Scui Jacinto, forcibly removed 
them (November 8th) from the Trcui, and brought them 
back to the United States. England was roused to the 
fighting-point b}' the outrage, and for a time war seemed 
imminent. Our government saw the mistake that had 
been made, however, and disavowed the act and returned 
the prisoners. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65 icontinued). 
l.S(>2. 

1. The Campaign in the West. — Success of the 
Confederates. — The Confederates were more successful 
than the P\'derals at the beginning of the war. The 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-05. 



179 



Soutli was fully aroused and confident. Her soldiers 
were determined and her generals skilliiil. There was 
no a])|)reeiahle Union sentiment left except in East Ten- 




Thf. Skirml-^iiki:. 

nessee. The Southerners were fighting on the defensive, 
and had full faith in their tinal snccess. 

2. The Great Task of the North. — The tiohting 
which occurred, in ISOl, was not conducted on any 
clearly-defined plan, hut was disjointed, fitful, and with- 
out definite purpose. Now, however, that the Nortli un- 
derstood the })rodigious task hefore it, tlie war was prose- 
cuted with a percej)tion of the end in view. 

3. Desperate fighting and hrilliant leadersliip were 
necessary to conquer the Confederates, who were now 
in the full flush of victory. Several things must he 
accomplished hefore the Union could he restored. One 



180 



HISTORY OP THE tWlTED STATES. 



was the opening of the Mississippi. The Confederacy 
drew its enormous sup})lies from Texas and the South- 
west. The clearing of this great stream, therefore, would 
cut the Confederacy in two. 

4. Anotlier necessary step was the capture of Rich- 




CONFKMF.P.ATK CArrnH,. Rl<IIMIlNI>, \'.\. 

mond. In tliat city were the government and directing 
power of the terrible enginery arrayed against the Union. 
The capture of the capital would be the smiting of the 
Confederacy in a vital part. 

5. A third ste}) was the effective Ijlockading of the 
Southern })orts. This would ])i-event the ( 'on federates 
from selling their valuable cotton and from obtaining 
many of the supplies that could be got only in Kurope. 
The vast area of country over which the battle for the 
Union was fought made necessary a great many minor 
movements. Jx-t us keep in mind, liowcvei', the grand 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 181 

I)lan t)f campaign, and renienil)er that all tliis Hgliting 
was intended to contriKute to one of the three ol>jects 
named. 

6. The Situation in the South-west. — The Con- 
federates held a strongly fortified line in the South-west, 
extending from Columlnis to Cumberland Gap. If the 
centre could be broken, they would be forced to evacuate 
Columbus, and leave the way open to Nashville. Com- 
modore Foote, therefore, with a fieet of gunl)oats, and 
General Grant with a large land force, advanced from 
Cairo against Fort Henry. 

7. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by the 
Federals. — February (itli a l)oml)ardment was <)j)ene(l, 
and the fort quickly surrendered. The garrison escai)ed 
to Fort Donelson before the troops could cut them ott". 
Returning to the Ohio, the fleet ascended the Cumber- 
land, while General Grant crossed by land to unite in the 
attack on Fort Donelson. Amid snow and sleet, and in 
weather so extremely cold that many froze to death, the 
Federals kept up the attack for three days. 

8. The fire from the fort was so severe that the fleet 
was repulsed, and Commodore Foote received a severe 
wound. The Confederates attempted to cut their way 
out, but were defeated in a desperate engagement. Grant 
had received reinforcements, and was making read}' for 
the final assault, when, on February Kith, the fort sur- 
rendered with fifteen thousand men. 

9. This victory caused great rejoicing in the North, 
and the popularity of General Grant kept pace with his 
increasing triumj)hs. The Confederates now established 
a new line of defense for tlu' South-western States. ( Jen- 
eral Polk at New Madrid was on the left, Albert Sidney 
Johnston at ]\rurfreesl)oro' on the right, and Beauregard 
at Jackson, Tennessee, formed the centre. This was an 



182 



UISTOTIY OF TIIK rNITFI) STATES. 



abaiiiloiiiiiciit of Kentucky, and left the ii]>|)('r ])ai"t of 
Toiincsscc ()|»('ii to the l^'i'dcrals. 

lO. The Electoral Vote of the Southern Con- 
federacy.— TlircHMlays ai'tcr the fall of" l*'ori Doiiclson tlio 
electoral vote of (lie ( 'oiil'cdci-atc I'rcsidciicy was counted. 
Jed'erson Davis was unanimously re-e-lected, and Alex- 




ander II. Stephens was chosen \'ice-l*ix'sident. They 
were inau^uratt'd at IJichniond on Washington's birthday. 

11. Movements of the Federal and Confederate 
Forces in the South-west. — The Union army now 
ascended t he Teiniessee to Pittsburii,- Landing,-. (Jeneral 
(Jrant was j)ut in connnand, and (ienei-al Uuelh who had 
occupied Nashville, was ordered to reinlbree him. The 
( 'oid'ederates decided to attack (irant hetbre IJuell could 
reach him with reinlbrcements. 

12. The Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing. 
— The battle of Shiloh or IMltsbui'u Landing be^;in at 
daylight Sunday moi-ninu, April (llh. Albert Sidney 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, ISG1^65. 183 

Joliiisloii, one of tlic nlilcsi ^('iici'Jils of the ( unlcdcracy, 
strove with ini^lity vi^or lo (liiv(^ (Jraiit into tlio Ten- 
nessee River. (Ji'ant, to wlioiii the attaek was a surprise, 
was pushed to the od^e of the stream, where he gatliered 
his shattered regiments i'or th(! final stand. 'Jdu^ Con- 
federates were lield at l)ay until Jkiell's men arrived, 
when they fell back. '^I'he Union trooi)S were; re-formed 
(hn-ing the night. The severe fighting was continuccl on 
tlie next day, but ended in the withdrawal of the ('on- 
feclerates. This was the second great battle of the war. 
The Union killed was 1735, with 7882 wounded and 
4044 missing. The Confederates lost 1728 killed, 8012 
wounded, and 950 missing. Among the kdled was (Jen- 
(>ral Albert Sidney Johnston. 

13. Federal Occupation of Corinth. — .MtlioULi^h 
the Confe(lerates were beaten and retreated, tlx'y had 
captured three thousand prisoners, thirty flags, and an 
(iuormous amount of stores. Ueatu'cgard witlidi-cw to 
('orintli, slowly followed IjyCeneral Ilalleck, wiio had 
assumed connnand of the Union forc-es. I)eaui'(gai'd 
evacuated Corinth, of which ilalleck took ])ossession 
May 30th. 

14. Previous to this the Conf"ederates, on retreating 
from ColumV)us, had taken jiosition on Island No. 10. 
A l)ombar(lment of several weeks by ('onnnodore l'\»o1e 
producing little effect, General Pope captured tiie bat- 
teries opposite, and prepared to assail tlie fortifications in 
the rear. They surrendered A|)i-il 7tli. 

15. Capture of Kentucky and Tennessee by the 
Federals. — On the 10th of May tlie Union guid)oats 
attacked aiul dcfc'iti/d the ( onfederate iron-clads. l)c- 
stroying the flotilla, befoi'c Meinj)liis, that city fell, and 
tli(! Memphis and Charleston Pailway was securcid. This 
gave Kentucky and Western Tennessee to the Federals, 



184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

who held a strong line extending from Meniiihis almost 
to Chattanooga, which was the ol)jectivo point of General 
Buell. 

16. The Battle of Perryvilie. — With the purpose of 
hrcaking this investment, General Bragg pushed ra})idly 
toward Louisville. General Buell, who had fallen back 
to Nashville, began a race with him for the Ohio River. 
Buell won by a day, and, receiving heavy reinforcements, 
moved against Bragg, who turned at bay, October 8th, 
at Perryvilie. A tierce battle was fought, Bragg with- 
drawing at night and taking with him his immense 
wagon-train. General Buell's management of the cam- 
paign was unsatisfactory to the government, and on the 
30th of October he was sui)crscded by General Bosecrans. 

17. Repulse of the Confederates at Corinth. — 
Previous to this most of Grant's troops had been sent to 
the assistance of Buell. Generals Price and Van Dorn 
began a movement toward Corinth. Hoping "to capture 
Price, and then reach Corinth ahead of Van Dorn, Grant 
directed Rosecrans to march against luka. Rosecrans 
failed to intercept Price's line of retreat, and after a sharp 
engagement, September 10th, Price escaped and joined 
\-A\\ Dorn. These two united their forces and attacked 
Rosecrans in his intrenchments at Corinth. No assault 
could have been braver, but the Confederates were re- 
pulsed. 

18. Battle of Murfreesboro'. — Later in the year 
Rosecrans concentrated his troops at Nashville, whence 
he marched to meet Bragg, who was advancing north- 
ward with a ])owerful column. Thes(> armies met at 
Murfreesboro', and a tremendous battle o{)ened on the 
last day of the year. It continued three days. The first 
day ended in favor of the Confederates, and to General 
George IL Thomas belonged the credit of saving the 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, JSt;i-65. 



185 



Union army iVoni destruction. The two armies were 
too exhausted to do much eftective fighting on the second 
day. On the third the Confederates forced back a part 
of the left wing of the Federal army, but were in turn 
driycn back. Finally, Bragg retreated, and Rosecrans 
occupied Murfreesboro'. This battle was the bloodiest 
yet fought, each army losing about nine thousand in 
killed and wounded, in addition to those captured. 

19. The Siege of Vicksburg.— While these opera- 
tions were under way, Grant attempted the capture of 
Mcksburg. His plan 
Avas to adyance along 
the Mississi{)i)i Central 
Railway, while Sher- 
man came down the 
riyer from Memphis 
with Commodore Por- 
ter's gunboats. The 
scheme was ruined by 
General Van Dorn,who 
destroyed Grant's depot 
of supplies at Holly 
Springs. Unaware of this misfortune, Sherman went to 
the mouth of the Yazoo and attacked north of Vicks- 
burg. He suffered a disastrous repulse and witlidrevy. 
In March, General Curtis defeated Van Dorn at Pea 
Ridge, Arkansas. 

20. The Campaign on the Sea and the Coast. — 
The Monitor and the Merrimac. — In the burning of 
the Norfolk Navy-yard by Unionists in 1801, to saye it 
from falling into the hands of the Cbnfederates, the frig- 
ate Merrimac was set on fire and scuttleil. She was not 
much injured, and the Confederates I'aised her and cov- 
ered her with railroad iron, placed at an angle of forty- 

14 




<iKNl,i;Al, I'l .\n;i 1: 1'.N > Hi.AiKji ,\l;ii i:>, \ i' is>- 
BLT.G, .SHOWING Cave on i.ekt of I'ictuke. ■ 



186 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



five degrees and coated with grease. Slie carried ten 
guns, eight at the sides, one at the stern, and one at the 
bow. With a strong crew she steamed into Hampton 
Roads, March Sth, and made directly for tlic sloop-of-war 




Cumberland, wdiose broadsides glanced off' and bounded 
hundreds of feet in the air without inflicting harm. 
The CongvcHfi added her liroadsides to those of the Cum- 
berland, and riddled the smoke-stack and steam-pipes, 
knocked off the muzzles- of two of the guns, and killed, 
and wounded twenty-one men on the Mcrrlnuw. 

21. The Merrimac now repeatedly rammed the Cum- 
berland, which ran up the red Hag, nu'aniiig "no surren- 
der," and went down, firing her guns until the water was 
knee-deep on her decks. Of her crew of 37(5 men, 121 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 



187 



lost tlicir lives. The Merrimac then turned her atten- 
tion to the Congress. One hundred men, including her 
commander, were killed, while she was powerless to 




The Monitor and the Mkp.rimac. 



do harm to her impenetrable assailant. To check the 
slaughter the white flag of surrender was hoisted at 
the peak. 

22. The Merrimac steamed slowly back to Norfolk^ 
intending to return on the morrow and complete the 
destruction of the Union fleet. In Richmond all was 
rejoicing, while consternation reigned in Wasliington 
and the North. But that night the Monitor arrived 
from New York. Slie was the work of the late famous 
Swedish inventor, John Ericssen. She, too, was an iron- 
clad, with a single turret and two eleven-inch Dahlgren 
guns, but was but an infant in size compared with the 
Merrimac. She had been laboriously stealing southward 
from New York for more than two days, and while off 



188 HISTORY OF THE r SITED STATES. 

Cape Henry caught the hooni of tlie Mcrrimacs guns as 
she poured red-hot shot into the doomed Congress. 

23. As the cumbersome Merrimac came in sight the 
next morning, the Monitor darted out from behind the 
Mlimesofa and opened tii'e. The Mcrrinmc repHed, but 
her ])roadsides, for the first time, failed to inflict injury. 
The battle now became a duel between the two iron- 
clads. The diminutive size of the Mo)iitor enabled her 
to play al)out her bulky foe and dodge the heavy thrusts 
from her iron beak. The attempt to run down the Mon- 
itor was tried and Ixitlled five times. Finally, the ^fcr- 
rimac drew off and laboriously made her way back to 
Norfolk. 

24. The End of Wooden Vessels in Naval War- 
fare. — This battle, in which no person was killed, though 
several were wounded, was the first of its kind in the 
history of the world. It ended the days of wooden ves- 
sels and ushered in that of iron-clads. Plenccforth the 
navies of all nations must be useless unless sheathed with 
armor. The Hglit l)etween the Monitor and Mirriinac 
marked an epoch in naval warfare. 

25. Capture of Roanoke Island, Newbern, and 
Beaufort by the Federals. — With a view of increasing 
the stringency of the blockade, an expedition had been 
sent against Roanoke Island in February. It was cap- 
tured on the Sth, Xewbern was taken March bltli, and 
Beaufort, N. C\, April -Joth. 

26. Capture of New Orleans by the Federals. — 
Captain Farragut with a large fleet, carrying a land 
force under Ceneral I>utler, srt out to cai)ture New 
Orleans. Several days' bombardnii'nt failing to reduce 
tlie forts below tlie city, Commodore P^arragut ran his 
shi[)s past the forts. He encountered Hro-ships, a tierce 
cannonade from the lorts, and an attack from the iron-clad 



LmCOLN'S ADMLWISTRATroX, 1S61-G5. 



189 



ram, tlio M(tna><m!i. But lio ovrrcanio all ol)staeles, and, 
stoamino- iq) to Now Orleans, received the surrender of tlie 

city, April 2:)tli. Jle 

afterwaixl ran tlie bat- 
teries at Vicksburg, 
and joined the fleet 
above. 

27. The Campaign 
in the East. — The 
Campaign against 
Richmond . — The 
Siege of Yorktown. — 
In the mouth of A])ril 
the Army of the Poto- 
mac,one hundred thou- 
santl strong, and under 
the command of Gen- 
eral McClellan, landed 
at Fortress Monroe. It 
began the campaign 




against Richmond by d. g. farragit. 

marching toward York- 
town. Here the Confederate general Magruder, with a 
small command, held McClellan in check. The Federal 
commander sent to Washington for heavy guns and 
began a regular siege. Having delayed the Union 
advance for u month, the Confederates withdi'ew. 

28. Battle of Williamsburg. — Alarm in Rich- 
mond.— (ieneral Joe Johnston commanded the ( V)n- 
federate army. The strong guard which he had left 
in . the forts at Williamsburg to cover the withdrawal 
of his baggage-train was furiously attacked by General 
Hooker. A desperate l»attle ensued, in which the loss 
was heavy on both sides. The Confederates evacuated 



190 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Williamsburg that night, and General McClellan cau- 
tiously pursued until within seven miles of Rich- 
mond. This near approach caused consternation in 
the Confederate Capital, and the Congress hurriedly 




adjourned. At the hour when the hopes of the North 
were at the highest point ^IcClellan's communication 
by rail with AVhite House Landing, his base of supplies, 
was threatened by a Confederate force at Hanover Court- 



LL\COLy'S ADMfXISTRATIOy, lSGl-65. U)l 

house. (ioiuTal ]\rcl)o\vclI, who was inare-hini; south 
from Fredericksburg with thirty thousand men to join 
him, was also endangcrcih 

29. Washington Threatened. — (unoral Fitz John 
Porter captured Hanover Court-house, and McC'lelhurs 
hopes were now tixed upon the arrival of McDowell. 
But this junction was prcventc^l hy (n'ueral Johnston, 
who sent Stonewall Jackson up the Shenandoah X'alley 
to threaten Washington. 

30. "Stonewall Jackson." — Jackson gained the 
name of '" Stonewall " in the tirst battle of I>ull Kun, 
where, in answer to an inquiry, lie replied that his 
troops would stand like a " stone wall." lie was a 
brilliant, dashing leader, who performed many amazing 
exploits during the war. \\v did the duty assigned to 
him with wonderful skill and \ioor. Beins' reiidbrced 
by Ewclls division, he sent Banks Hying from Strasburg, 
and chased him to the Fotomac. aero 's wdiich he tied in 
a })anic. 

31. Successes of the Confederates. — The peril of 
Washington caused the President to take military posses- 
sion of the railroads. The governors of the Northern 
States were a})pealed to for militia to hel]) to defend the 
capital. McDowell at Fredericksburg. Banks at Harper's 
Ferry, and Fremont at Franklin were ordered to capture 
Jackson. They did their best, but Fremont was easily 
defeated at Cro.ss Keys, June 8th, and Shields was served 
in the same manner the following day at Port Republic. 
Jack.son burned his bridges behind him and escaped 
from the Shenandoah Valley. 

32. Battle of Fair Oaks.— Meanwliile, on May olst 
and June 1st, McClellan threw his left wing across the 
Chickahominy. A terrific storm prevented the crossing 
of his entire army, and Johnston assailed the left wing 



11)L> 



II IS nun' or riii-: r.v/v/v) sr.iTi:s. 



witli Lircat tuvv. (umU'VmI Suiuiut. howcvrr, clu'cktMl the 
iiuiNouu'Ul ill time It) piTxcnt llic l'\HK'r;il ;iniiy tVoiii 
Ix'iii^' separated. ( iciu'val .lolinsiou was Itadlv woiuuKhI 
1\\' an t'xplocliuii' ?^1h"II, and t he ( 'onllnKa-aU's wi-rr rriuilsrd 
when (liov ivmnvcd ilu' allark \ho \'o\\ow\UiX <l;>y- '^lu^^ 
st'\i'ro l>atlK> is kimwn as ihat ct' l''air ()aks. 

33. General R. E. Lee takes Comniand of the 
Confederates, and assumes the Aggressive. Urn- 
oral Kobert \\. Loo now 
assnnuMl oonnnand of 
tlu> Confodorato army, 
and lu'ld it to tho oloso 
of" tho war. Instoad ot" 
rotroatinu, ho assnnunl 
tlioauiiivssivo. (lonoial 
.1. v.. r>. Stnart. .Inno 
rJih, inado a oa\;dry 
raid in uhiih ho 
hniMK^l suppUv's alonu' 
\\\c railway oonnooling 
with Whito Ihniso. 
\\v niado [\\c ooinpU'to 
oirouit o[' (ho Fi'doral 
army witlunit anv 
ohoo'k.' 

34. McClellan's 
ChaniAo of" Base. —Mel 'K-lkui was siill looliim' his way 
ttnvard liiohinond, and Ihiokor's pirkcis advanoiHl noar 

' iitMUMiil Kv^u-ri IMwanl I .oo \vn> l>orn :U Snaiford llouso. Wostmoiv- 
liiiul couulv. \iixiin;\, ,imu' l!>. 1S07. His fiU lior \v;i> tho taiiioiis " I.isjht- 
li.'iM' ll:inv" (>r ilu- Kovolntion. aiul ;> siivat lavorito ot" \V;ishii\>;ton. 
Tlu' son uratlnalotl second in Ins olass at Wost Point in IS'Ji). Ilo possosstnl 
sni'h nijukiHl abililv that ho was i>n(pK>vod in tho most ivsponsiblo juvsi- 
tions ovo\) in timos ol" (uaoo, Ilo was ons>inoor-in-ohiot" dniin«>- tho Mox- 
ican Wsif, aiul waj. woiinvliHl al llio luUllo ot" (. hapnllopoo. llo wassnpor- 




O.INl l!\l. IxOl'.KUr 1\. I.KK. 



i.ixcoi.ys ADMiMsTn.iTiox. is):t-(ir>. !}):> 

cnouuli ((» sec tlu> s|iir('s ;iii(l s(t'r|il('s ot' tlu' ( '(>nt'o»K'r;iti' 
fapilnl. Al lliis iuiiclurf lu'ws \\;is iTrrivcd that Stt)iu>- 
wall .lacks* Ml was at 1 laiioN cr ( '(iurl-li(>usi\ and MrClrllan's 
I'onimuniratidiis with \\ hit*' House worr in daiiucr. 
'riit'i'cujuMi tlu' I'liioii (•(iiiniiaii<K'r drcitlcd to clianiiio 
his hasi' o[' M\\)\)\y tVom tho \ovk \l\ycv to the Janios. 

35. Retreat of the Federals. — Lrc Icll upon the 
Union riuht at Mrc'Iianirsvillo. -luno iMitli. His attack 
was I'cjH'llcd, and the l'\Hlci'als witii(h\'W to (iainos' Mill, 
whcri' Toftcr held the bridges o\-er the ( 'hii'kahoniiny 
until dark. TIkmi he willidrew to the south hank and 
l>urned them. The same niu'ht, June "JSth, Lee made an 
efTort to cut oil' McClellan's retreat. A se\-ere taiuaui'- 
nn'Ut took jilai'c the next day at Savage's Station, and at 
niiilil the l'\'tK'rals ix'sumed their retrouratU' mo\n-inent. 

36. Lee's Repulse at Malvern Hill. — .\n assault 
was made on tiie I'nion lines at l"'raser"s j'^ai'm, hut they 
wi'ri' not hroken. That niuht the retrcatinu' l'\'deral.s 
gathered at Malvt'rn Hill. With the help of the uun- 
boats the desjui'ate assault of Lee was repulsed, and 
Medellan withdrew unmolested to Harrison's Landing. 

37. Failure of the Campaign against Richmond. — 
DiscoLU-agement of the North. — Thecampaiun against 
Ivic'hniond had endi'd in disastrous failuix'. The North 
was discourai:,ed, lor tlu' war for the Lnion seemed to 

intoinlcut tor til I'lH' vr:ns (if ilir Miliiarv .Xcadiniv at W'csi IViint. rpoii 
the secTs-sitni of X'iiiiinia In- risioiu'd liis I'diiniiissidii. April ■_'(!, lS(il. and 
Mn-; mado (•(iiiiiuaudfr-iii-cliift" dl" liir \'iri;inia Malv riiiii>. .MUrwaid 
111' iiri'anu' a ( '<)i\t'r(K'rali' ui'iU'iai, and iairf in llic war was L;i\rn contioi 
of all tlu- t'oici'.s (if till' ('(iiifc(i( racv. lie was oiu- dI' iIic alilcst iiiilitarv 
leaders of liis limes, and eniidueled liis «'anipaii;ns wiili eoiisminiiale 
aliiiily. Ho :iianfiiily aeci'iiled tlie ivsiilt.s of (lie war, and did iniieli liy 
liis e\aiiiplo to soollio (lie liittiTiiess of defeat in llie South, llelieeaiiie 
])iH'sident of Wasliinnioii-I.ee I iiivci-^ily, and died al i.exinyloii, \'a., 
()etolier l"i, l.'^TO. A inaunifleeni ninnniiienl elected Id his inellloi'V wa.s 
unveiled in Kiiliiihuid, in Mav, IS',10. 



194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATEJS. 

grow more formidable every day. President Lincoln 
called foi' 300,000 more men, and preparations for push- 
ing o}>erations were soon vigorously under way. 

38. Lee's Aggressive Campaign. — CJeneral Lee 
continued his aggressive movements, and was soon 
marching against Washington. General Pope, stationed 
at the Rapidan, had charge of the defense of the national 
ca])ital. The dissatisfaction with McClellan led to an 
order that he should transfer his army to Ac(|uia Creek 
and j)lace it under the comman*! of General Pope. Lee 
determined to overwhelm Po})e before McClellan could 
join him. 

39. Defeat of Pope. — Lee held Poj^e in his front 
while Stonewall Jackson passed around his right flank. 
Pope turned upon Jackson, confident of defeating him. 
His plans went amiss, and he was set upon by the whole 
Confederate army (August 29th and SOtli). Utterly 
routed, his shattered forces were driven in confusion 
behind the fortifications of Washington. 




BuRNsiDE'.s Bridge, Antietam. 



40. Lee's Invasion of Maryland. — Battle of An- 
tietam. — Lee crossed the Potomac and in vailed Mary- 



LINCOLN 'S A DMINISTRA TION, 1S61-65. 195 

land. McClellan liad been restored to command and 
started in pursuit. The Confederate rear was overtaken 
at South Mountain, and the Union army entered the 
valley beyond. Lee liastily gathered his scattered forces, 
a colunni of which had cajitured Harper's P\nTy with 
eleven thousand Union prisoners. (Jne of the severest 
battles of the war was fought at Antietam Creek, near 
Sharpsburg, Maryland, September lOtli and ITtli. The 
battle was a drawn one, and that night Lee recrossed 
the Potomac without molestation. The Union army 
passed into Virginia a few weeks later. 

41. Burnside's Repulse before Fredericksburg. 
— General Burnside succeeded jNIcClellan in tlie com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac. If the former gen- 
eral was timid, the latter was reckless. He was no match 
for General Lee. Crossing the Rappahannock at Fred- 
ericksburg, he assailed the Confederate works, December 
13th, and was repulsed again and again. Night ended 
the awful slaughter, which amounted to twelve hun- 
dred dead, ten thousand wounded, and three thousand 
missing, the Confederate loss being less than one half. 
P>urnside wished to renew the hopeless task on the 
morrow, but his officers dissuaded him from making 
the attempt. 

42. A Year of Battles. — Desultory Fighting in 
the West. — The year 18G2 was one of battles. As iar 
west as New Mexico, General Sibley was at the head of 
a small force of Confederates. There were many skir- 
mishes and much desultory fighting. February 21st, 
the forces of Colonel Canl)y and Sibley fought at V.al- 
verde, some distance below Fort Craig. The fighting 
lasted all day, and ended in the defeat of the Federals, 
who lost their only battery, and had sixty-two killed 
and a hundred and forty wounded. 



196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

43. Indian Troubles in Minnesota. — The Sioux 
Indians of Minnesota committed many outrages during 
the summer of 1862. Colonel H. H. Sibley defeated the 
red men and took numerous prisoners. Thirty-nine of 
these, having been proven guilty of horrible cruelties, 
were hanged at Mankato. 



CHAPTER XL. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65 (Continued). 

iHii'.i. 

1. The Emancipation Proclamation. — The Attack 
on Rosecrans. — Battle of Murfreesboro'. — The Eman- 
cipation Proclamation, declaring human slavery for ever 
at an end in the United States, was issued by President 
Lincoln on the 1st of January. The new year came in 
while the terrific battle of Murfreesboro' was raging. 
Rosecrans remained comparatively idle after this until 
June, when he marched with a large army against 
Bragg. Finding his communications in danger, Bragg 
evacuated Chattanooga early in September. Rosecrans 
was pursuing at a leisurely })ace when Bragg unex- 
pectedly wheeled and assailed the Federal army. The 
Confederates had been strongly reinforced, and the Lhiion 
commander was unprei)ared for the attack, his army be- 
ing strung along for forty miles. He saved them from 
being cut off in detail, however, and the full shock of 
arms came at Chickamauga. 

2. Battle of Chickamauga. — Longstreet, one of the 
ablest generals of the Confederacy, had been sent into 
this section to direct affairs, and his genius was felt in 
this furious battle. Fighting began September 19th, 



LINCOLN 'S A DMINISTRA TION, 1861-65. 



197 



and no advantage had been gained by eitlier side at tlie 
close of the first day. At noon on the second day the 
Union line was broken by a movement to help the left 
Aving. Quick to see his chance, Longstreet hurled a 
force into the gap, and drove the Federal right and 
centre from the field. 

3. Irretrievable disaster threatened the Federals. If 
the left wing gave way, 
t'hickamauga would 
become another Bull 
Run. But General 
Thomas commanded 
the left wing, com- 
})osed of men as brave 
as himself. The whole 
Confederate a rmy 
ch a rged against him 
again and again, but 
he was immovable. 
He held his ground 
all through the ter- 
rible afternoon. His 
bravery and skill on 
that occasion gave him 

the name of the " Rock of Chickamauga.". At night he 
fell back to Chattanooga, gathering several hundred pris- 
oners on the way. 

4. This battle was a Confederate victory. Matters 
assumed so threatening a look that Grant, now com- 
manding the ]\Iississi[)}ii division, hastened to Chatta- 
nooga. Thomas had succeeded Rosecrans, and was 
grimly holding fast, though the city was so completely 
invested by the Confederates that the Federals were in 
danger of starvation. 




General Thomas. 



198 



HISTORY OF THE UMTKI) STATES. 




(iF.NEHAL Joseph Hooker. 



5. The Battle above the Clouds. — Grant hurried 
reinforcements forward. Hooker l)rouglit two corps of 

tlie Army of tlie Potomac, and 
Sherman led a strong force from 
Juka. Tlie communications that 
had been cut were re-established. 
On the 23d of November, Thomas 
seized Orchard Knob. The next 
day Hooker attacked the fortifica- 
tions on Lookout Mountain. His 
men had been ordered to stop u})on 
reaching an elevated plateau, but 
their enthusiasm carried them over 
the sunmiit. They swept the Con- 
federates before them. This engagement, fought at such 
an elevation, has been styled the "battle above the 
clouds." 

6. The battle was renewed the following morning 
under the eye of Grant, who closely watched operations. 
While Sherman was assailing the northern flank, Hooker 
attacked Missionary Ridge on the south. To repel these 
assaults the Confederate line in front of Orchard Knob 
was necessarily weakened. Grant pushed Thomas's corps 
against the centre. These veterans quickly carried out 
their orders to capture the rifle-pits at the foot of Mis- 
sionary Ridge, and then, instead of halting to re-form, 
as they had been ordered to do, they swept up the moun- 
tain like a whirlwind. 

7. Tlie cool-headed Grant was so thrilled l)y the sight 
that he ordered a charge along the whole front. It was 
executed with resistless ardor. The Union hosts clam- 
bered eagerly to the crest without tiring a shot, caj»turt'd 
tlie guns, and turned them on the flying enemy, and the 
victory of Chattanooga was complete. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 199 

8. Union Successes. — This triuni})li meant the over- 
throw of Bragg's army and the Union occupation of 
Chattanooga. P]ast Tennessee \vas liberated, and tlie 
path opened to the heart of tlie Confederacy, which liad 
received an ahnost I'atal l»lo\\". 

9. Raising of tine Siege of Knoxville. — Burnside 
had been sent into East Tennessee, where he was so suc- 
cessful that Longstreet went thither to check him, and 
shut him u}> in Knoxville, much the same as Thomas 
Avas imprisoned for a time in Chattanooga. Grant sent 
Sherman to his relief. Before they could arrive Long- 
street made a furious assault upon Burnside, November 
29th, but was repulsed. Five days later, on the approach 
of Sherman, Long.street retreated. 

10. Tine Campaign in thie West. — Capture of 
Vicksburg. — Faiirngto carry \'icksburg from the north. 
Grant moved down the west side of the river, while his 
gunboats ran the batteries. These extended lor miles 
along the Ijank, and the fire was so fearful that only 
those men who volunteered were allowed to take the 
risk. Reacliing a safe point below the city, the Federal 
army was taken across in boats. 

11. Moving with his usual vigor. Grant attacked and 
defeated Pemberton at Fort Gibson, May 1st, as he was 
advancing to the relief of Vicksburg. Hearing then that 
General Joseph E. Johnston was marching to Pcmber- 
ton's aid. Grant threw his army between the two. By 
this brilliant strategy he sluit up Pemberton in ^'icks- 
burg beyond reach of help, and drove back Johnston 
by defeating him at Jackson, May 14th. 

12. Two determined assaults having been made \\\nm 
Vicksburg without success, Grant laid regular siege to it. 
The Confeclerates held out with great heroism, but tlieir 
situation grew worse every day, until the starvati()n-])()int 



200 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



was reached and all hope was gone. Then, on the 4th 
of July, General Peniberton surrendered his garrison 
of more than twenty thousand men, with an immense 
amount of arms and ammunition. Port Hudson sur- 
rendered of necessity on the fall of X'icksburg. The 




A Gunboat Running the Batteries on the Missi.ssippi. 

Mississippi was now open from its source to the Gulf, 
and one great object of the war for the Union was accom- 
j)lishea. The Confederacy was cut in twain. 

13. The Campaign on the Water. — Failure of the 
Attack on Charleston. — In the month of April an 
attempt was made to take Charleston by a naval attack 
undercharge of Admired DuPont. The iron-elads failed 
and were driven back. (Jeneral Gillmore then landed 
on Morris Island, and after a long siege and heavy bom- 
bardment cai^tured Fort Wagner, vvdiile Fort Sumter was 
reduced to ruins. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINLSTLATTON, 1861-65. 



201 



14. Confederate Privateers. — The Alabama. — As 
early as 1802, the ('onfecU'ratcs, with tlie aid of their 
friends in Enghind, succeeded in launching a number 
of swift-sailing privateers which made havoc with 




Northern commerce. The most famous of tliese was 
the Alabama, commanded by Cajjtain Semmes. She 
sailed from Birkenhead, July 28, 1862, and for two 
years inflicted such j)rodigious damages that she almost 
destroyed American commerce. 

15. Recapture of Galveston by the Confederates. 
— Galveston was recaptured by the Confederates on the 
1st of January. The steamer Harriet Lane was attacked 
by several gunboats, her commander shot down, and 
most of his men killed. The Federal troops in the 
towai, having no artillery, surrendered. The blockade 
in that section was raised and the port reopened to com- 
merce. The C'Onfederates retained possession of Texas' 
until the close of the war. 

16. The Campaign in the East. — General Hooker's 

15 



202 



HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



Campaign against Riclnmond. — Burnside, after liis 
disastrous failure at Fredericksljurg, was superseded by 
General Hooker, Jaiuiary 26th. The detachment of 
Longstreet, which went to the South-west, left Lee with 







^'\'V- 








i>n-4| < *rf jpyty 



Plan of BaTTLEKIELP of FKEDEKUKSBlKli. 



an army of sixty thousand men, numbering not much 
more than one-half of those composing the Army of 
the Potomac. Hooker decided to move against the 
Armv of Northern Viruinia. 

17. Failure of the Campaign. — Death of Stone- 



LTXCOLX'S ADMiyiSTRATIOX, 1S61-65. 



'20:^ 



wall Jackson. — The main body ot" the Foilonil arniv 

orosseil the Kappaliamiook several miles above Fred- 

erieksburii\ while Sedgwick remained to carry the in- 

trenelimentsofthetown. 

Lee took the perilous 

step of dividing his 

army while in the front 

of a superior enemy. 

Jackson, by one of his 

swift, secret marches. 

swept around Hooker 

with his division of 

twenty thousand men. and routed the Federal right. 

Hooker was forced to assume a new position that night, 

but the next dav was driven from his line of battle. 




SlMNKK's <.'1;->S>1N... FUKPKKUKsr-VKi 




MaKYK HOISE. CHANCEI.I.OKSVIII.K BAlTl.K-lJKOrNP. 



Learning that Sedgwick had ca}>tured Fredericksburg, 
and was marching to attack him in the rear, Lee turned 
and drove him across the river. Then, facing about 
once more, he advanced against Hooker, who had hur- 
ried back to his old quarters opposite Fredericksburg. 
The campaign against Kichmond had ended in another 



204 



HISTORY OF THE USITED STATES. 



failure. Lee, however, luui suffered an irrejmrablc loss 
in the death of Stonewall Jackson, who tlirouoh a mis- 
take was shot by his 
own men. 

IS. Lee's Second 
Invasion of the North. 
— West X'iriiinia, that 
had remained loyal 
from the first, was ad- 
mitted into the Union 
in .June. Lee had been 
so successful tluit he 
now determined to in- 
vade tlie Nortli a second 
time. With his niai:;- 
niticent army, full of 
liope and confidence, 
lie marched swiftly 
down the Shenandoah, 
crossed the Potomac, and reached Uhandjersburg. (Gen- 
eral (Jeoroe (J. Ah'ade had assumed command of the 
Army of the Potomac, 
and followed al<uig the 
cast side of" the P)lue 
Pidu'c and the South 
Mountain. Lo prevent 
the cutting of liis com- 
munications with Rii'h- 
mond, Lee threatened 
Paltimore. 

19. Battle of Gettys- 
burg. — Llu» vaniiuards 
of these two maunificent 
armies met near Gettysburg, on the 1st of July. Here 




eil'.NElJ.VL GEOKHE O. JIE.VDE. 




CiENEK.M. ME.VPE'S IIk.VDQIAUTE11.>*, 
CiKTTYSIU'Kli. 



LINCOLN'S AmnmSTRATION, 1861-65. 



205 



for throe dnvs raued one of tlio greatest battles of niodeni 
times. The fate of the North and South liunii- in the 
balance, and no braver fighting was ever witnessed. 
The soldiers on l)oth sides were veterans, their leaders 
were officers of niiHtarv genius, and every man seemed 
to understand the momentous issues at stake. 

20. First Day's Operations. — The Federal advance 




l'L.\N HF B.\TTI,El'lKI.|i UK GETTYSBI KG. 



was driven back on the first day, and lost a large num- 
ber of prisoners. Thousands of troops confiinuMl arriv- 
ing all night, and were plaee(l in position to be ready 
for th(» frt'mendous eonflit-t of the morrow. 

21. Second Day's Operations. — 'Idu' tighting on 
the second day was of the most desperate nature. Tlu' 
Confederates carried works at both ends of the Union 



206 



HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 




The Devil's Den, (;ettvsbli(u 



line, their successes leading Lee to the determination to 
continue the battle. But Longstreet's men, after fighting 
their way to Cemetery l\idg(», were Itloodily rejiulsed by 

Hancock, f^wcll, however, was 
so successful on the Union right 
that grave fear Avas felt for the 
safety of the Union army on 
the morrow. 

22. Third Day's Opera- 
tions. — At noon on the third 
day Lee had one hundred and 
forty-five cannon on Seminary 
Ridge, ojiposite JMeade's centre, while Meade lined the 
crest of Cemetery Hill with eighty pieces of artillery, 
For two hours these guns thundered against each other, 
and the mountains and valleys shook under the most 
awful outburst the American continent had ever known. 

23. Then, when the tremendous din ceased and the 
suljihurous vapor lifted, a column of fifteen thousand 
men was seen to issue fi'om Seminary Kidge, a mile 
away, and advance toward the Union lines. Their red 
flags were flying, they were clad in Confederate gray, 
and tlieir gun-barrels glistt'Ued in llie sunlight, 'i'hey 
marched with great ])n'eision. for tliey were the Hower 
of the Confederate army, under the lead of (Jeneral 
Pickett. From afar Lee, Longstreet, and his otiicers 
anxiously watche(l tlie eliarge, while a nuirninr of ad- 
miration ran tlnxnigh \\\v Union lines at the wonderful 
scene. 

24. With tlu' same graceful, tirm slt>p the long gray 
double line advanced until half the distance was passed. 
The line was more than a mile in I'xtent. and no braver 
men than those Confederates ever trod the earth. The 
Union artillery suddenly opened u{)on them. Scores 



LINCOLN'S ADMINLSTRATION, 1861-65. 207 

dropped, but the o-aps were iii:?taiitl\' closed, and the 
advance continued with the precision of dress parade. 
Then, when within easy nuisket-range, the crest of the 
ridge became one sheet of tiame, and thousands of 
bullets were driven in the verv faces of the assailants. 




"The Whkat-field," Gettysburg Battlefield. 

25. But Pickett's men never wavered. With mar- 
velous coolness they delivered a volley at the breast- 
works in front, bi'oke into cheers, and dashed at full 
speed up the crest of Cemetery Ridge. They bayoneted 
tlie men at the guns. ca])tured the works, and fought 
hand to hand with the Federals, who rushed thither 
from all directions. Attacked in front and Hank, the 
focus of a converging fire, witli his supports scattered, 
Pickett saw tliat a few minutes more would destroy 
every man he had, so he gave the order to fall back, 
and the remnant I'etreated. 

26. ()f the four thousand nine hundred who advanced 
upon the unsuipas-((I charge, three thousand live hun- 
dred wei'c killed, woundeil, oi' prisoners in the hands 



208 iiisTonr of tiik rsiTi:i) states. 

of the Federals. Ot" the three hrijiade etuiiniaiulers, 
one was killed, the seeoiid dyiuii'. ;iiid the third badly 
Avounded. Of the feiirteeii tield otlieers in the advance, 
only one eanie back, and but two o*i twenty-tbiir regi- 
mental otticers eseaiunl nnhuri. 

27. Retreat of Lee. — The killed, wounded, and 
oaiUured in this territie battle anionnted to forty-eight 
thousand. The Union army was too exhausted to fol- 
low Lee, who. after a day's rest, withdrew across the 
Potomac and assumed position back of the IJapidan. 

28. Gettysburg the Turning-point of the War. — 
Ciettysburg marked the turning-point o( the war. Never 
again did the Confederacy attain sitch hojH^ oi success as 
at the opening of that battle. Henceforward its fortunes 
steadily declined, until the inevitable md came within 
the follow! iiii two vears. 



CIlAPri-.K XLI. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65 .continued^ 
1S(>4. 

1. The Work yet to be Done. — The greatest achieve- 
ment of all still remained to be made befvu'e the Union 
could be restored : that was the destruction oi Lee's 
army anil the capture o'i Richmond. The Army of 
Northern A^irginia was still wielded by the masterly 
hand that had guided it almost from the lirst. (>ne 
Federal commander after another had been tried against 
him. but all had failed U]i to the tinu* he received his 
first serious check at CJettysburg. 'Idie ("onfederate army 
in the East was still strong and detiant. 

2. General Grant made Lieutenant-General. — 



LfXCOLyS ADMlXISTIiATlOX, 1S61-65. 



200 



Tlu'i'o \v;is hard work renuiiiiiiiij,' to 1h' dono also in the 
South, hul tlu' siUTcss ab^'ady iiainod Irt'l Hltic douht t)t" 
the tuial ti'luiuph oi' thr I'liion Iomh's. l^arly in the 
yrar (Iciu'ral (Jraiit was luadr lit'iHciiaiit-ut,'iU'ral. and 
all the ai'inics of the I nitctl Stairs wore juit under his 
conuuand. This iilarnl tlir inniuiist' inac-hinrr\" within 
the control of a siugk' man. That man had already 
in'oven that he jtossessed nnlitary u'enius ot' the hiulu'st 
order. Henceforth he was to direct the hattles tor the 
Union. 

3. Sherman's Campaign in tlie South. — The 
second formidable army 
o\ the ( 'ontederacv was 
in tlie Souili nndi'i' the 
command of .loseph M 
Johnston, who had suc- 
ceeded (Jeneral r>rauu-. 
He was at Halton. (ia., 
with lifiy thon>and 
men. winle Sherman. 
under orders from 
(b'ant, marched against 
him with an army lliree 
times as strong. Thesi' 
two skillful generals 
mana'uvred and Ibught 
for more than one hun- 
tlre(l nnles. .h»iniston 
steadily falling back 
and drawing Slierman 
fartlu'r south and away 

from his su|i|tlies. Tlie battles M-eri> numerous, and at 
Keiiesaw Ahmutain the l-'ederal army iHH'eived a severe 
repulse. {j\\ the lOlh of August. Johnston withdrew 



! 


■H 

% 

^ 


f^ 


Px 

i^^ 

W^^' 



/ 



CiKNEK.M, W. 'P. M1I.I:M.\.\. 



210 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

within the intreneliments of Athmta. Shortly after he 
was removed from eommaml by the ( "onfederate govern- 
ment, and Hood assnmed eharge. 

4. Hood believed more in fighting than in strategy. 
He assailed the Federals repeatedly, bnt was re}>elled 
every time with great slaughter. He lost more men 
in a few days tlian Johnston had during the whole 
campaign, and without gaining any advantage. Finally, 
he was forced out of Atlanta, which Avas occupied b}' 
Sherman, September 2d. 

5. The conflict now took a remarkable turn. Hood 
with his powerful army invaded Tennessee. He expected 
that Sherman would follow him. and thus save (xeorgia 
from invasion. But Sherman was only waiting for Hood 
to move away from his front when he prepared to march 
straight through the Confederacy to the coast. 

6. Disastrous Defeat of Hood by Thomas. — Mean- 
while. Hood entci'ed Tennessee, aiming to strike Thomas 
hffore he could concentrate his forces. He drove Scho- 
field back into Nashville, where he was shut up with 
Thomas behind the fortifications. Thomas carefully 
made his jireparations, and when fully ready marched 
out. December l."th. with his whole army. He attacked 
Hood with a resolution that swept everything before it. 
The Confederate army, after a tremendous battle lasting- 
two days, w;'.s broken to fragments and scattered. It 
no longer existed as an army, and the exhausted Con- 
federacy could never replace it. 

7. Sherman's March to the Sea. — After firing the 
city of Atlanta, Sherman, with an army sixty thousand 
strong, started, Xovembei- KUh. for the Atlantic coast. 
The distance was three hundred miles, directly through 
the granary of the Confederacy. Railways of indis- 
pensable value were destn^yed and vast damage inflicted. 



LfXCOl.y'S ADMiyTSTEATIOX, lS61-eo. 



211 



Tlirro was no power at tlio eoniniaiKl of the Confederates 
that oouUl eheek lliis extraordinarv march, wliieh in five 
weeks carried Sherman and his legions to the sea. They 
strnek the coast at Savannali, which was hastily evac- 
uated hy the ConicHlei'ates. and occupied by the Federal 
army on the '20th of December. Thus the Confederacy, 
that had been severed by the opening of the Mississippi, 
was once more cut in twain. 




S. The Final Campaign against Richmond. — In 
May. llie Army of the Potomac, under the connnand 
of (Jrant and Mi'aile. started on the last campaign against 
Richmond. The Federal army was far more numerous 
tlian Lee's, and the Confederacy was so exluiusted that it 
could not }»]ace more men in the held. 



212 mSTORY OF THE XJNtTED STATES. 

9. Battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania 
Court-house. — The first collision took place in the 
Wilderness. For more than two weeks the fighting was 
of the most terrific nature. The soldiers of both armies 
were veterans, under the command of leaders of the 
highest military genius. The world never saw braver 
men, and history records no fiercer conflicts than those 
in the Wilderness and about Spottsylvania Court-house. 
In sixteen days the Army of the Potomac lost thirty- 
seven thousand five hundred men, and the loss of the 
Army of Northern Virginia was correspondingly great. 
During the desperate battles General Longstreet was 
severely wounded by his own men, who mistook him 
and a group of officers for Federals. General J. E. B. 
Stuart, the most famous of all the cavalry leaders of the 
Confederacy, was mortally wounded, and died the fol- 
lowing day in Richmond. 

10. Advance of Grant. — Instead of falling back, 
like his predecessors, Grant pushed ahead. He repeat- 
edly flanked Lee, who kept retreating, so as to hold his 
army between the Federal host and Richmond and ]ire- 
vent the cutting off of his supplies. On the 3d of June, 
at Gold Harbor, Grant assailed the whole Confederate 
line. He received the bloodiest rejuilse of the war. At 
the height of the struggle he lost in twenty minutes more 
than four hundred men for each minute. 

11. Grant's Change of Plan. — Tlie fearful slaughter 
at Cold Harbor caused (irant to make a change in his 
plan of campaign. He crossed the James and marched 
to Petersburg, south of Richmond. The fall of that city 
threatened the destruction of Lee's su})plies, and woidd 
leave him the choice between the evacuation of Rich- 
mond and starvation. 

12. Siege of Petersburg. — The Federal army was 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 218 

near Petersburg: by the lOtli of June, when an attack 
was made, but it was re})ulse(l at every point. Tiie next 
morning the Federals saw, to their astonishment, thou- 
sands of soldiers marching to their positions in the 
breastworks. The Army of Northern A'irginia had 
arrived, and once more confronted the advance upon 
liichmond. 

13. Petersburg could 1)0 taken only jjy a regular 
siege, and ({rant began its investment. An immense 
mine was run nnder an angle of the Confederate works, 
and exploded on the 30th of July. It opened a great 
gap, but the Union attack which followed was misman- 
aged and resulted in a frightful lo.ss of life, \\nthout any 
gain. When the year closed the siege of Petersburg was 
still in progress. 

14. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley. — Other 
important military movements took })lace while Grant 
was pressing his direct campaign against Lee. These 
were planned by Grant, and were intended to divide the 
Confederate forces. General Sigel was to advance up the 
Shenandoah Valley and threaten the railroad communi- 
cations with Richmond. He was defeated. May ir)th, at 
New Market. General Hunter, his successor, after defeat- 
ing the Confederates at Piedmont, June 5th, reached 
Lynchburg, but, finding the city too strong to be ca})- 
tured, withdrew into West Mrginia. This |)laced him 
on the west of the Allegheny Mountains and altogether 
out of the Shenandoah Valley. 

15. Defeat of Butler by Beauregard. — Early in 
May, General Butler ascended the James River with a 
large force and landed at Bernuida Hundred. He was 
surprised by Beauregard, and driven back into his de- 
fenses. Beauregard then threw intrenchments across the 
strip which connects Bermuda Hundred with the main- 



214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

land. This shut out Rntler iVotn makiiiii; any move- 
nicnt to hv]p ({rant. 

16. Washington Threatened. — Hunter havino- dis- 
appeared from the Shenandoah \'allev, .Tuhal Early 
advanced against Washington. He defeated Wallace, 
at Ah)nocacy on the 9th of July, and ap{)eared before 
the defenses of Washington four days later, (irant had 
time to hurry reinforcements into Washington, so that 
wlien Early attacked he was repulsed. A day's delay on 
his j)art saved the capital iVoni capture. He withdrew 
across the Potomac with an immense amount of plunder. 
A party of his cavalry penetrated to Chambersburg, Pa., 
which, failing to pay a heavy lansum, was partly burned. 

17. Sheridan's Operations in the Shenandoah 
Valley. — (general Sheridan now assumed charge of all 
the Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley. When 
Early had weakened his army by sending reinforce- 
ments to Lee, Sheridan attacked and defeated him at 
Winchester. Sej)tember lf)th. Three days later, Early 
was routed out of his trenches at Fisher's Hill and driven 
farther up the valley. 

18. Sheridan devastated the Shenandoah X'alley, and 
carried off all the stock to prevent the Confederates from 
coming back. Early, however, followed him, and during 
Sheridan's absence attacked and defeated the Federals at 
Cedar Creek, October 19th. Slieridan was riding leisurely 
from Winchester, twenty miles away, when he heard the 
.sound of firing. Knowing what it meant, he s))urre<l 
his steed to a dead mui and thundered up the valley. 
He rallied his demoralized troops, turned furiously upon 
the Confederates, who were plundering the Union 
camps, and routed them with great loss. No other 
events of impoi-tance occurred in the Shenandoah \'al- 
ley, the real theatre of action being at Petersburg. 



LINCOLN'S yl I) MINISTRATION, 1861-65. 



215 



19. Operations in the South-west. —The Red 
River Expedition. — In the spring of 18G4, General 
Banks, wlio was in 
command at New Or- 
leans, was ordered to 
conduct an expedition 
into the interior of 
Louisiana. He was 
aceom])anied by a fleet 
under Connnodore Por- 
ter, which was to force 
its way up Red River. 
Fort de Russy was cap- 
tured, March 14th, and 
Banks advanced to- 
ward Shreveport. He 
was assailed at Sabine 
Cross-roads, April 8th, 
l\v General Dick Tay- 
lor, and utterly routed. Banks rallied at Pleasant Hill, 
and received enough reinforcements to repel his assail- 
ants. He continued his retreat, however, finally arriving 
at New Orleans, where he was relieved of his command. 

20. Narrow Escape of the Gunboats. — Commo- 
dore Porter had a narrow escape with his gunboats. 
Learning that Banks had retreated, he tried to do the 
same with his fleet. The river fell so fast that this 
seemed impossible. Porlei- was saved the necessity of 
blowing up his boats by the ingenuity of Colonel Bailey, 
who built a nundjcr of wing dams, by which the water 
was raised sufficiently to float the gunboats. The Red 
River expedition was a disastrous failure on the part of 
the Federals. 

21. Operations on the Water. — Capture of Mobile. 




General Nathaniel P. Banks. 



216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

— Despite the stringency of the hlockade, a good many 
Confederate cruisers succeeded in running in and out of 
Mobile, Wihnington, and other ports. In Mobile several 
iron-clads and armed vessels were built, and the Con- 
federates even threatened that they would raise the 
blockade. A(hniral Farragut therefore attacked the 
defenses with his fleet, August 5th. Tlie fight was a 
desperate one, but the forts were soon reduced, and the 
liarbor remained sealed against all further blockade- 
running. 

22. Capture of Wihnington. — Commodore Porter 
led the fleet against Wilmington, N. C, in December, 
while General Butler had command of the land forces. 
A severe bombardment took place December 24th and 
25th, when Butler returned to Fortress Monroe, con- 
vinced that the fort was impregnable against assault. 
Commodore Porter was dissatisfied, and at his request 
a second trial was made in -January by General Terry. 
The defense was heroic, but the garrison was obliged to 
surrender. 

23. Destruction of the Alabama. — Mention has 
been made of the Confederate privateer Alabama, yiie 
and other cruisers inflicted such damage upon Northern 
commerce that it was almost driven from the ocean. 
While at Cherbourg, France, Captain Semmes, com- 
manding the Alahamaj challenged Captain Winslow 
of the Kearsargr to come out and fight him. The chal- 
lenge was accepted, and the battle took place on Sunday, 
June 19th, and was witnessed by more than ten thou- 
sand spectators on shore. It lasted a little more than an 
liour. The two vessels steamed around a common centre 
from a quarter to half a mile apart. The fire of the 
Kcarsargc was the most accurate, and infiicted severe 
damage. 



F! 



i^-Cj^f i^ 



Lonpitude 





Lonpitude 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 217 

24. The Kearsarge was beginning her eighth circuit 
when Captain Semmes, aware that the Alabama must 
soon sink, headed for the French waters. Tlie Kearsarge 
followed, and with several more well-directed shots, ended 
the career of the famous cruiser. She struck her flag 
and raised the signal of distress, for she was sinking. 
Just before she went down Captain Semmes threw his 
sword into the sea and leaped overboard with his officers 
and men. The English yacht Deerhound, which was 
cruising near, rescued Captain Semmes, thirteen officers, 
and twenty-six men, while the rest were picked up by 
the boats of the Kearsarge. 

25. Fate of the other Confederate Privateers. — 
Of the other Confederate privateers, the Georgia was 
seized off the coast of Portugal; the Florida at Bahia, 
Brazil ; and the dreaded iron-clad Albemarle was suidc 
at the mouth of the Roanoke in October by the daring 
exploit of Lieutenant Cnshing. 

26. Nevada Admitted into the Union. — Pres- 
idential Election. — On the olst of October, Nevada 
was admitted into the Union, forming the thirty-sixth 
member. In the following month the Presidential elec- 
tion took place. Mr. Lincoln and Andrew .Johnson 
of Tennessee, the candidates of the Republican party, 
defeated General George B. McClellan and George H. 
Pendleton of Ohio, the nominees of the Democratic party. 



CHAPTER XLII 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65 (continued). 
1805. 
1. The Work Remaining to be Done. — Only a sin- 
gle campaign remained to be passed to the end : that 

16 



218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was the movement against Riclimond. The resistance 
in other parts of the Confederacy was iitful and unim- 
portant. Onl}' two armies were h^ft — Lee's at Petersburg 
and J. E. Johnston's to the soutli of Richmond. 

2. General Lee assumes Supreme Command of 
the Confederate Forces. — Tlie Confederate Congress, 
February 5th, made Ceneral Lee commander-in-chief of 
all the Confederate forces. Almost his first act was to 
restore Johnston to the command of the army still con- 
fronting Sherman. This included the troojis in Georgia, 
South Carolina, and Florida. 

3. Sherman's March Northward. — Sherman moved 
northward from Savannah, Fe.l)ruary 1st. He had sixty 
thousand infantry, ten tliousand cavah-y, and a corre- 
sponding amount of artillery. He left a force at Savan- 
nah, and set out for Goldsboro', North Carolina. On the 
Kith he received the surrender of Columbia. The city 
w^as burned the following night, but whether by the 
Federals or Confederates has never been clearly estab- 
blished. Charleston was fired and evacuated the next 
day. 

4. Conference between Grant and Sherman. — 
Johnston did his utmost to check Sherman. He handled 
his scant forces with admira])le skill. He fought hard at 
Averysboro' and Bentonville, but was steadily forced 
backward by superior forces. At (Joldsboro', Sherman 
joined Schofield, who had reached tliat jiolnt from Wil- 
mington, and Terry, who had gone thither from New- 
bern. The L^nion army now numbered one hundred 
thousand men. Feeling liimsclf master of the situation, 
Sherman turned owv his eonnnand to Schotield, and 
went North to consult with (Jrant about the final cam- 
paign. The two great soldiers nu't at City Point on 
the 27th of March, and arrived at a hdl understanding. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 



219 



5. Grant's Campaign against Lee. — Meanwhile, 
Grant daily fastened his gri}) more firmly u])on Lee's 
army. On the oth of February he attempted to turn the 
Confederate right, but was repelled. He gained, however, 
several miles of additional territory. Lee's army at this 
time numbered less than thirty-five thousand men. The 
line was forty miles in length, and necessarily weak. 

6. Lee's plan was to fall back, and, uniting with 
Johnston, take a strong position in the interior. If this 
junction could be effected, he would have about one- 
fourth as many men as Grant after the union of his 
army with Sherman's. But Grant was determined to 
prevent the junction of the two Confederate armies. 

7. Li his des])eration 
Lee attacked (irant's 
right at Fort Stead- 
man, hoping to hide 
his plan of retreat. 
The attack was not 
well managed, and tiie 
Confederates lost three 
thousand men. Grant, 
liaving been reinforced 
by Sherman, decided to 
])ush Lee to the wall. 

8. The 29tli of 
March was fixed upon 
for a simultaneous at- 
tack at all points. The 
movement began on 
that dale, but the next 

day it raine<l so hni'd that nothing could be done. On 
the olst, Lee assailed the Federals with great fury and 
gained a tenijjorary advantage. 




(iF.NKRAi, Philip 11. Sheridan, 



220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

9. Lee next attacked Sheridan, wlio liad taken i)osi- 
tion at P^ivo Forks, and forced him ])ack, l)ut the Fed- 
erals ralhed, fiank^d the Confederates, and regained all 
tlu'y had l<:)st. lieinl'oreed Ijy Warren's corps, Sheridan 
assumed the oh'ensive, and drove the Confederates in 
confusion toward Petersl)urg. 

10. Grant oj)ened a cannonade, April 1st, along his 
whole front, and an advance was made the following 
day. The weak Confederate line was broken at many 
points, and Petersburg almost surrounded. The time 
cauie when the fate of Lee's entire army rested uj)on 
his retaining Fort Gregg, coinmanding the ground over 
whieh the Federals must advance to reach the I'iver. 
The garrison numbered only two lunuh'ed and tifty, 
but they held it several hours, and repulsed three 
charges before it was overwhelmecb Only thirty men 
were unhurt, Init the garrison had saved Lee for the 
time. 

11. Evacuation of Richmond. — The end, however, 
was at hand. On Sunday, April 2(1. while Jetierson 
Davis was sitting in his pew at church, a messenger 
entered and handed him a telegram. It was from Lee, 
and announced that his outer lines had ]n'v]\ forced, and 
he could hold Petersl)urg but a fvw hours longer. Pich- 
mond would soon be in the hands of tiie Luion army. 
That night and the following day, amid the ])urning of 
warehouses and scenes of indesci'ibal)le confusion, the; 
ca})ital of the Confederacy was evacuated l)y the })anic- 
stricken inhabitants. 

12. Lee's Hopeless Resistance. — P)efore daylight, 
April 2d, the l^'ederal army assaulted the whole Con- 
federate front. A few hours later the lines were broken, 
and J^ee, with the remnant of Ins forces, was fleeing 
southward. The pursuit was pressed with remorseless 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 221 

energy. The gaunt, starving fugitives ate the buds of 
trees, and fell asleep in the highway with the smoking 
muskets in their hands. Htill defiant and undaunted, 
the fugitives reached x\melia Court-house, thirty-eight 
miles west of Petersburg, on the 4th of A[)ril. 

13. The trains loaded with provisions intended for 
Lee's famishing men thundered through Amelia Court- 
house without stopping. The indignant leader sent out 
detachments to hunt for food and forage, Init they came 
back empty-handed. They had been seeking that which 
did not exist. 

14. Surrender of Lee. — Lee maintained his retreat, 
and crossetl the Appomattox on the Oth of Aj)ril, at 
High Bridge. There a council of war was held, at 
which the majority agreed that the only course left 
was to surrender. Lee, however, was not yet ready to 
give up. (irant continued to press him, until, when 
near Appomattox Court-house, his situation became 
ho|)eless, and on the afternoon of April 9tli he surren- 
dered to General Grant. The Army of Northern \'ir- 
ginia, which had defied the Union hosts for four terrible 
years, passed out of existence. The gaunt, ragged vet- 
erans started to tramj) to their desolate homes. 

15. Assassination of President Lincoln. — Amid 
the general rejoicings over the end of the war (he coun- 
try was shocked on the evening of April 14tli by the 
news that President Lincoln had been assassinated. He 
was seated with his wife and friends in a box at Ford's 
Theatre in Washington, when John Wilkes Booth, an 
actor, entered the box from the rear, and fired a pistol- 
ball into his brain. The unconscious President was car- 
ried to a house across the street, where he died the fol- 
lowing morning. P)Ooth was run down in Virginia, and 
shot, April "2()th, while resisting arrest. 



222 HISTORY OF THE TTSITED STATES. 

16. Surrender of Johnston. — Collapse of the 
Southern Confederacy. — (iciicral .Jolmston siirrcn- 
dered his army to {Jciicral Shcnnaii, April 2()tli, on 
the liberal terms that liad been o;ranted to Lee's array. 
The remainder of the C'oiile<lerate forces east of the Mis- 
sissi})pi, under Dick Taylor, capitulated on the 4th of 
May. On the same date all the naval Ibrccs of the Con- 
federacy, then biockad('(l on the 'rond)iii,bc(' RiNcr, were 
surrendei'cd. Sonic of the military leaders beyond the 
Mississi})pi left the Ihiited Htatcs, l)ut what remained of 
their forces yielde<l on th(» 2()th of ^hly. 

17. Capture and Release of Jefferson Davis. — 
Jelfcrsoii Davis, who lied from ivichniond with other 
fugitives, reached irwinsviUe, Geor*;ia, wdiere, on the 
Kith of May, he was ca[)ture(l by a squad of Union 
cavalry. He was impi-isone(l in I^'oi'tress Monro(> to 
await his ti'ial on the cliar,i;-(i of treason. The trial was 
posti)oned from time to time, and, on May 18. 1<S()7, he 
was released on bail. The prosecution was di()[)ped in 
February, bS<i«». 



PART YI. 
PEACE AND PROGRESS. 



CHAPTER XLIII. 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S65-69. 

1. The Grandest Victory of the Union. — The f^nind- 
est victory ibllowcd the triiiniph of the armies of the 
Union. In ahnost 

any other country 
tlie disban(hnentof 
such immense bod- 
ies of men would 
have been attended 
by disorder and 
violence. But the 
armies of hundreds 
of thousands that 
had !)eeom(^ vet- 
erans in war fiuietly 
dissolved like snow 
in the sun. Tliey 
became })eaceful, 
law-abiding citi- 
zens, proud of the 
deeds they had 
done, and grateful 
that the country 
was once more restored in every part. 

2. True Reunion. — Those who had been arrayed for 

223 




224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

years against each other became friends and brothers. 
Brave soldiers chis]) lumds with more iei'vent affection 
because tlicir maidiood has l)ecn tested on tlic field of 
battle. Nearly all the (onfederati' leaders honestly 
acecjtted the results of the long, fearl'ul struggle, (ien- 
eral Lee assumed the j)resideney of the Washington and 
Lee University; Generals Johnston and Sherman became 
intimate friends; and the more fortunate Union othcers 
gladly extended a helping hand to their late antagonists 
who had lost their all. Northern capital was generously 
used in develo})ing the South, which entered upon an 
era of prosperity such as she had never before known. 

3. Union Deaths from the Civil War. — As nearly 
as can be ascertained, tlie total number of troops fur- 
nished the Union ai'mies during the Civil War was 
2,859,132. There were killed in 'battle (n,;](32; died of 
wounds, 34,727; died of disease, 1S3,2S7 ; total died, 
27i»,37{); total deserted, l',)<),10r,. 

4. Cost of the Civil War. — The Confederates who 
died of wounds and disease (partial statement) were 
133,821 ; deserted (partial statement), 104,428. In addi- 
tion, it is estimated that the number of both armies 
crii)])led or disabled by disease was 400,000. The 
Civil War therefore eost a full million of able-bodied 
men. 

5. Vice-President Johnson Sworn into Office. — - 
^'ice-President Johnsi^n was sworn into otiiee within a 
few hours after the death of the I'resident. Despite the 
fearful exeiteiiienl thionghout the eounti'v, there was no 
(lisor(h'r anywhere.' 

' .\iuli(.'\v Joluison, .sevcntoonth President (if the Unitod States, was 
horn Dcivinher 29, ISOS, at Kaloi<>h, North ( ';ii-oliii;i. His raiiiilv was so 
poor that lie was not sent to seliool, and at ihi' a^c of (en was apiuentieed 
to a taih)!-. A kind-hearted neiL'hbor nsed to read to tlie vonnii- men in 



JOHNSON'S ADMIMSTRATrON, 186r>-(]9. 225 

6. Executions on Account of the Civil War. — 
Only live jxtsohs were exccutetl for acts growing' out 
of the Civil War. ('aj>laiii Wirz, krcju'r of tlie mili- 
tary -lirisoii at Aii(l('rsoii\ilic, South (Airolina, was hanged 
on (he loth of Novemher, iSOo. He deserved this fate 
hecause of his cruel treatment of the prisoners under 
Ins charge. Lewis Powell (alias Payne), David Iv 
Jlerold, George At/ei'odt, and Mrs. INlai-y Iv Suri'ati 
were hanged for coni[»licity in the assassination of Pres- 
ident JJncoln. 

7. Settlement of Two Important Questions. — 
'I'he war settled two questions for ever: State rights 
and human slavery. I'lie thirteenth amendment to 
the Constitution, aholishing slavery, was ratified l)y the 
States, and Decendx'i- N, l.Slio, hecame the law of the 
whole land. 

8. Provisional Governments in the South. — 
President Johnson recognize(l tlie State govennnents 
of \'irginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisianu that 
had heen oi'ganized under the protection of the Union 
forces. He a[)j)ointed j)rovisional govennnents in other 
States and ])rovided for the calling of conventions to 
form loyal govennnents. The States took advantage of 
the oppoi'tunity thus oilered. They repealed the oi'di- 
nances of secession, I'cpudiated the Confederate war-deht, 

tlic shop, niid lliis iiic:(((i Aiidrcw lo speiui his Icisiii'i' lime in Icjiriiiiin' to 
rend. Ill isHf) he iciiiovcd to < i icciisillc, Tcmies.see, and tliciv inai'rit'd a 
nol)lc wife, who yrcnily aided liiiii in liis cdiuation. He became interested 
in local politics, and was twice e'.eeted alderman, twice mayor of the city, 
was sent tliree times to the State lA'sjislatiire, and in 184.S to ('on,t?ress. 
Ten years later he l)e( aiiic ( ioveiiior of Tennessee, and entered tlie Senate 
in 18')7. FTe was an ardi'iil Pciiiocial aiul a fearless I'liion-nian. In 
18fi2, Lincoln apiioinlcd him iiiiiitaiy uoveiiior of Tennessee. His viij- 
oroiis adiiiinistiation of the duties of iliis ollice led to his nomination for 
the N'ice-I'residency. 



226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and ratified the constitutional amendment abolisliing 
slavery. The President issued a })roclamation of pardon 
to those who had taken })art in secession, excepting 
only a few leaders, on the simple condition of their tak- 
ing an oath of allegiance to the United States. On 
Christmas Day, 18G8, a universal amnesty was declared. 

9. Dissatisfaction witin President JoFinson. — Pres- 
ident Johnson, however, found he had arrayed Congress 
against his plan of reconstruction. That body claimed 
that to it belonged the power to prescribe the conditions 
on which the seceded States should resume their places 
in the Union. Among other things. Congress required 
that each of those States should allow negroes to vote 
before their l-ve})resentatives should be again a(lmitte<l to 
Congress. 

10. Impeachment of President Johnson. — Ad- 
mission of all the Seceded States. — riie diiference 
between the President and Congress caused an etfort on 
the part of that body to limit his power to remove officers. 
He refused to obey the law, and was im])eaclied. The 
object 'of this was to bring him to trial in order to re- 
move him from office. The trial took j^lace in 1868, but 
the necessary two-thii'ds vote was not secured, and he was 
acquitted. Gradually the seceded States complied with 
the conditions imposed, and, in 1808, all were admitted to 
representation in Congress. 

11. Grant made General ; Sherman Lieutenant- 
General ; Farragut Admiral, and Porter Vice-Ad- 
miral. — In July, 1800, Congress {)assed an act reviving 
the grade of general in the ai-my, and creating the 
grades of admiral and vice-admiral in the navy. Grant 
was made general, Sherman lieutenant-general, Farragut 
admiral, and Porter vice-admiral. 

12. Fenian Troubles. — In the sunnner of 1800 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SG5-69. 227 

nearly fifteen lumdred Fenians, a secret society wliose 
aim is to free Ireland from British rule, entered Canada. 
Some skirmishing followed, and the President issued a 
proclamation warning those taking part that it was a 
violation of the laws of neutrality. General Meade was 
sent thither, and the flurry was soon over. 

13. Purchase of Alaska. — In 1S07 the United States 
purchased Alaska from Russia for the sum of $7,200,000. 
Including the islands, Alaska has an area more than 
twenty times as great as that of INIassachusetts. 

14. Execution of Maximilian. — Xajioleon III., em- 
peror of France, took advantage of our civil war to 
attempt to establisli an empire in Mexico. Our war 
was hardly over when he was warned tliat his design 
must be abandone(l. Maximilian, an arcliduke of 
Austria, had been deceived by Napoleon into the belief 
that the Mexican jieople wanted him for their emperor. 
He strove hard to maintain himself, but was compelled 
to surrender in May, 1SG7. He and two of his generals 
were shot. 

15. Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable. — In 
July, LS(j(), another and successful attempt was made to 
lay the Atlantic telegraph cable. On the 28th of the 
month the vessels arrived at Newfoundland, having 
laid out 1SG() miles of cable. Since then other cables 
have been successfully laid, and telegraphic connection 
exists with almost every part of the civilized world. 

16. Death of Ex-Presiclent Buchanan. — On the 
1st of June, ]8{)(), .James Buchanan, the fifteenth Pres- 
ident of the United States, died, after a month's illness, 
at his houK\ near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 

17. Presidential Election of 1868. — In the autumn 
of LSOS the lvei)ublicaiis elected General U. S. Grant 
President, and Schuvler Colfax of Indiana Vice-Pres- 



228 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ident. The candidates of tlie Democratic party were 
Horatio Seymour of New York for President, and Gen- 
eral Francis P. Blair of Missouri for Vice-President.' 
Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State, was admitted into 
the Union, March 1, 1867. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

GRANT'S ADIVIINISTRATION, 1869-77. 

1. Noteworthy Events of Grant's Administration. 

— Completion of 
tlie Pacific Rail- 
way. — P resident 
(irant was inau- 
gurated March 4, 
1869. Among the 
notew^orthy events 
of his administra- 
tion was the com- 
[)letion of the Pa- 
citic Railway, be- 
gun as long ago as 
1863. On tlie 10th 
of May, 1869, tlie 
last spike, made of 
gold, was driven ; 
the locomotives, one 
from the East and 
the other from tiie 
West, saluted each 
other, and the Atlantic and Pacific wt're united. 

' General I'lysses S. Grant, eighteenth President of the ITnited States, 
was born at Point Pleasant, ()., April 27, 1822. His boyhood was spent 
on his fatlier's farm and in tlie tannery. He graduated from the Military 




iLYssEs y. Grant. 



GBANT'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-77. 



229 



2. Great Fire in Chicago. — On the 8th of October, 
1871, a cow kicked over a Lamp in Chicago. This set 




AiDiToiui'.M Block, Chicago, 1892. 

fire to a stable and started the greatest conflagration in 

Academy at West Point in 1843, standing twenty-first in a class of thirty- 
nine. He served with bravery in the Mexican War, taking part in tlie 
battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and the attack on Monterey, 
the siege of Vera Cruz, and a nmnber of important engagements. He 
resigned from the army in 1854, and remained in private life initil the 
breaking ont of the Civil War. At that time he was serving on small 
wages as clerk in his father's leather store. He was appointed mnstering- 
officer for the State of Illinois. He was next commissioned colonel of 
the Twenty-first regiment of volunteer infantry, and thus began the extra- 
ordinary military career which made him the central figure on the Union 
side in the great Civil War. His unshakable resolution, his iron will, his 
power in handling and mnmruvring innnense armies, iiis fertility of 
resources, his admirable poise in success and defeat, his prompt dei'ision 
and action, and his unfaltering faith in his final success, showed him to 
be, like Lincoln, pre-eminently the "man for the times," and the one 
intended by Providence to do the work that no one else could do- 



230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the history of our country. Twenty thousand ])uihUngs 
were burned, and tlie area of the hrc was estimated at 
from three to five square miles. One luni(h"ed thousand 
persons were niade homeless and several hundreds lost 
their lives. Sympathy for the stricken city was uni- 
versal, and several million dollars were contributed to 
alleviate the wants of the sutferers. 

3. Disastrous Fire in Boston. — A disastrous fire 
visited Bost(^n in the following November. It lasted 
twenty-four hours, and destroyed the heart of the whole- 
sale trade of the city. The burned area was sixty acres, 
and the estimated loss $75,000,000. 

4. Tine Fifteentii Constitutional Amendment. — 
The Geneva Arbitration. — The fifteenth amendment 
to the Constitution, giving the negroes the right to 
vote, became operative March oO, 1S70. The claims 
arising out of damages suffered by the Xortli from 
the Alabama and other Confederate privateers caused 
much controversy between England and this country. 
They were finally settled by arbitration at Ccneva, 
Switzerland, in 1872. Tlie arbitrators awarded the 
United States $15,500,000 because of the iujury sus- 
tained. 

5. The San Juan Boundary. — The last boundary- 
dispute between Great Britain and the United States 
was settled in October, 1872. Our claim gave us the 
island of San Juan on tlie Pacific coast, while (Jreat 
Britain insisted that if belonged to her. It was left to 

* the Emperor of Germany, who decided in favor of the 
United States. 

6. Presidential Election of 1872. — In the fall of 
1872, Pri'sidcnt (irant was re-elected President, with 
Henry Wilson ^'^ice-President. Horace (hx'eley and 
B. Gratz Brown were nominated by the Lil)eral Pei)ub- 



GEANT'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-77. 



231 



licans, as tliey were called, and endorsed by the Demo- 
crats. Greeley was overwhelmingly defeated, and lived 
but a short time after- 
ward. 

7. The Modoc War. 
— The j\k)doc Indians, 
nnmbering only a few 
Immh'eds, were re- 
moved iVom their lands 
south of Oregon to an- 
other section. They 
found this so })Oor that 
they went back in an- 
ger to their former 
hunting-grounds and 
defied our govermnent. 
On the 11th of April, 
1873, during a confer- 
ence under a flag of 

truce, the Indians killed General Edward S. ( anby and 
Rev. Dr. Thomas, and wounded General Meachem, who 
escaped with his life. The three active jjarticipants were 
afterward hanged, and the remaining Modocs were re- 
moved to a Dakota reservation. 

8. War with the Sioux Indians. — Death of Gen- 
eral Custer. — The })owerfiil Sioux Indians refused to 
go on their reservation, and, in TS7('», tiT)ops were sent to 
compel their oliedience. ( )n tlie 'ioth of June, General 
Custer, leading the Seventli Cavalry, was assailed by 
several thousand warriors led by Sitting Bull, and him- 
self and ('N'ci'y one of his connnand niassaci'ed. (Jencral 
Iveno, some distance away, held his position until rein- 
forcements ai'rived and the Indians were driven off. 
The Seventh Cavah'v lost two hundred and sixtv-one 




Ho RACK (iRKEI.EY. 



232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

killed and fifty-two wcninded. The Indians were finally 
defeated, and obliged to abide by their treaty. 

9. The Centennial. — The year 187G was the cen- 
tennial of American independence. It w^as commem- 
orated by a grand exhibition, lasting from May 10th to 
November 10th. The buildings erected in Fairmount 
Park, Philadeli)hia, were five in number, their ground 
floors affording an area of more than forty-six acres. 
The main building, with a little more than twenty acres 
of ground floor, was the largest structure in existence. 
At this great fair the leading nations of the world placed 
on exhibition their treasures of art. The daily attend- 
ance rose from 5000 to 27"),000. The whole inimber of 
visitors was a little short of 10,000X)00, and the total 
receipts were $;3,761,r)08. President Cirant formally 
opened and also closed the exhibition. 

10. Admission of Colorado. — Presidential Elec- 
tion of 1876. — Colorado, the thirty-eighth Htate, was 
admitted into the Union in 1875, but its Consti- 
tution was not ratified l)y the people until July 1, 
1870. The Presidential election of 187(5 was a bitter 
one, and for a time threatened grave trouble. The Re- 
publicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for 
President, and William A. Wheeler of New York for 
A^ice-President. The nominees of the Democrats were 
Samuel J. Tilden of New York and Thomas A. Plen- 
dricks of Indiana. Each i)arty claimed the victory. 
It was finally agreed to refer the dispute to a joint elec- 
toral commission, consisting of five U. S. Senators, five 
Representatives, and five Judges of the Su])reme Court. 
This body, by a vote of eight to seven, decided that of 
the 369 electoral votes cast, 185 belonged to Hayes and 
Wheeler, and 184 to Tilden and Hendricks.' 

^ Rutherford K Hayes, nineteeiitli rresideiit n( the I'liited States, was 



II A YKS'S ADMINISriiATION, 1S77-S1. 



233 



CHAPTER XLV 



HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION, IS77-S1. 

1. An Uneventful Administration. — Tho admiiiis- 
tration of President Hayes was uiioveiilful. He ])ursuo(l 
a conciliatory policy to- 
ward the South. His 
Postmaster-General liad 
served in the Confed- 
eracy, and his (Jahinet 
was nota])ly non-par- 
tisan in its composi- 
tion. 

2. Labor Troubles. 
— The most alai'ininii,- 
lahor tronl)le occnn'ed 
in the summer of 1877. 
It is known as the great 
railway strike. A re- 
duction of wages on 
the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railway was followed 

by a strike which involved many other lines. There 
was rioting in Pittsburg, where a hundred lives were 
lost and ten million dollars' worth of property destroyed. 
DisturbaDces also took ])lace at Baltimore, Buffalo, Co- 
lumbus, Ohio, Reading, and Chicago. 

horn in I)rl:i\v;irc, O, OcIoIkt 4, 1822. He gnuliiatt'd IVoni Kciiyoii Col- 
le^'e in 1S42, iiiid completed iiis lepal studies at Harvard I'niversity. He 
y)erfornicd i^aiod service diiriiif^ tiie Civil War, and attained the rank of 
iiiaj(ir-t;cneral of volunteers. While in the army, in lS(i4, he was elected 
a memher of C'oufrre.ss. lie was chosen governor of Ohio in 1867, 1869, 
and 1875. 
17 




KnUERFOHD 15. Hayks. 



234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Resumption of Specie Payments. — Tlic rc- 
sunii)tioii of speck' })ayment.s by the Uiiitetl States gov- 
ernment was effected January 1, 1879, in accordance 
with (he law passed in 1875. Silver was made a legal 
tendei-, and in the latter part of 1870 gold sank to par 
for the first time in eighteen years. 

4. Fisheries Dispute with Great Britain. — The 
dispute between the United States and Great Britain 
over tlie fisheries of the north-eastern coast was settled, 
in 1878, by a commission of adjudication. That body 
decided that the United States nnist pay Great liritain 
$5,r)0U,00(). 

5. General Grant's Tour around the World. — 
One of the most interesting events of this period was 
General Grant's tour around the world. lie was re- 
ceived everywhere with enthusiasm, the nations vicing 
with each other in doing lioiior to the illustrious soldier 
and foremost citi/.en of the rej)ublic. 

6. Presidential Election of ISSO. — The Repub- 
licans elected their nominees in 1880. They were James 
A. Garfield of Ohio for President, and (Chester A. Arthur 
of New York for ^^ice-President. Tlie Democratic nomi- 
nees were General Winlield S. Hancock of Pennsylvania 
and AVilliam IT. English of Indiana.' 

' ,Janu>s Ahraiii (iaiHelcl, twontiotli President of the T^'^nited States, was 
lioni at ()ran<,^e, ('iiyalioga eouiity, ()., Novcniher 10, iSol. Ilis fiither 
died wliile lie was an infant, and lie was left under the sole care of 
his luutlur, wlio was a noble woman. lie was sturdy and athletic, and 
served as ;i .iriver and pilot of a launl-lioat. At tlu' aije of seventeen he 
attended the hiyli sehool in ( hester, where he was a hard student and 
learned fast, lie graduated from Williams College in 185G, and after- 
ward heeame president of Iliram College. lie was elected to the Ohio 
Senate, and volunteered in the service of his country on the breaking out 
of the Civil War. He disi)layt(l marked ability in the tield and won the 
jiromotion of major-general. He was elected to Congress while in the 
militarv service in ISti'J, and served for seventeen vears. In 1880 he was 



GA RFIELD A NI) A R THUR 'S A DMINfSTRA TION, lSSl-85. 235 



C PI AFTER XL VI. 



GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION, 18SI-S5. 



1. Assassination of President Garfield. — On tlie 
2(1 ot" -inly, 1881, in coinj)any with Sucrt'tai'v ])laiiu» and 
some friends, President 
Garfield rode to tlic Bal- 
timore Railway station 
to take the cars, lie 
had entered the sta- 
tion when a miscreant 
named Guitean shot 
him in the l)aci<. He 
was the sec(»nd Ti^esi- 
dent to fall hy the 
liand of an assassin, 
and the news caused 
a profound shock 
throuu'hout the civil- 
ized woi'ld. 

2. Kverythinti; that 
skill and alfection could do for the snllerino- President 
was done. The hope was stron^^ that he mii;lit recover. 
He was removed to the seaside, and for a time seemed 
to improve. The wound, however, was mortal, and he 
quietly passe(l away on the ni.L!;ht of September P)th. 
His assassin was hanued .lune ;!0, 1SS2. 

3. Events of Arthur's Administration. — Ghester 
A. Arthui', as i)rovided hy the Constitution, became Pres- 




JAMF.S .\. (iAl'.l-ll'.I.l> 



sent to tlie United States Senate, l)Mt did not (ai<e liis .seat, as liis noiiiina- 
tioii for the I'resideney soon followed. 



236 



nrSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



idont on the death of Garfiehl.' In ISS'i a bill became 
hiw whieli forbade Chinese inimio-ration, and reijnired 




Chester A. Arthur. 

tliose already here to take out certificates, if they left the 
United States, to prove their identity before they are 
allowed to come back. 

4. Measures against Mormonism. — The Brook- 
lyn Bridge and the Washington Monument. — Senator 
Edmund.^, in 1SS2, introduced a Itill which became a law, 
and is the most eflective blow Ah^rmonism has yet re- 

' Cliester .\. .Vrtliur, twoiity-tirst Pivsidont of tiio rnited Statos, wa.-< 
born in Franklin ominty, Vt., Octolter •">, 1S;U). lie i::radnatod from I'nion 
College in 1849, taujiht sdiool for a wliili', and, lu'lni; admitted to the bar, 
was very suooessfnl. lie wa.-^ (inarterniasler-jjeneral of the State of New 
York dnrinu the Civil War. In 1S72 be was appointed eolleetor of the 
port of New York City, and held the post for six years. 



CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SS5-89. 237 

ceivcd. It (lisfnuu'hised all polygamists and made them 
ineligible to ottiee. On May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge, 
one of the most famous structures in the country, was 
opened to travel. The cornerstone of the Washington 
Monument was laid July 4, 1848, but many years passed 
before it was com})leted. It was dedicated February 21, 
1885. 

5. Other Laws. — Among the other laws enacted 
during Ai'thur's administration was one designed to 
regulate, by means of examinations, the system of civil- 
service appointnu'uts and promotions. Tn 1885 letter- 
postage was reduced to two cents an ounce. 

6. Presidential Election of 1884. — In 1884 the 
Democrats elected their nominees for the Presidency and 
^"ice-Presidency. They were Grover Cleveland of New 
York and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana. The Re- 
})ublican nomiiu'cs were .lames G. Blaine of Maine and 
.lolni A. Loiran of Illinois.' 



CHAPTER XLVII. 

CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SS5-S9. 

1. The Presidential Succession Law. — Cleveland 
was the first Democratic President since the war. A 
Presidential-succession law was jnissed in 188(5, which 

' r; rover (lovelaiul, twenty-secdiid President of the United States, was 
liorn in Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. lie attended the j)nl)lie 
schools, and became a teacher in an institntion for the blind at Clinton, 
N. Y. He removed to Bntlalo in 1855, and four years later was admitted 
to the bar. lie was successful, and in 18()o was a.ssistant distrit't attorney. 
He was elected sluM-ifT of the county in 1870, and mayor of Bullido in 
1881. His enormous iiKijurily in the i,'ulieniatoi-ial campaif^n in 1882 
secuii'd fur him the rresidential election, for which he was a candidate, 
two vears later. 



238 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




provided tliat if, at any time, there shall be no President 
(jr ^^ice-^resi(lent, the othce of President shall devolve 

iijKiii a nicinljer of the 
Cabinet in the following 
order of succession : the 
Secretaries of State, 
Treasury, and War, the 
Attorney-General, the 
Postmaster-General, and 
the Secretaries of the 
Navy, Interior, and 
Agriculture. 

2. Death of Gen- 
eral Grant. — In the 
summer of 1885 the 
country was called upon 
to mourn the death of 
General Grant. He had 
been suffering for a considerable time with a cancer at 
the root of the tongue. He bore bis sufferings heroic- 
ally, and finished writing his autobiography in spite of 
his severe illness. He died at Mount McGregor, in New 
York State, July 23d. His funeral ceremonies were of 
an impressive character. 

3. Other Notable Deaths. — Vice-President Thomas 
A. Hendricks died suddenly at his home in Indianapolis, 
November 25, 1885. General George B. jNIcClellan died 
on the 21)th of the preceding month at his home in New 
Jersey. General "\\\ S. Hancock died February 9, 1S8G, 
at his quarters on Governor's Island. Ex-A'ice-President 
Arthur died at his home in New York, November IS, 
1886. 

4. Strikes and Labor Disturbances. — Anarchist 
Troubles in Chicago. — Strikes and labor disturbances 



Grovki: ('i,r.vKi.ANi>, 



CLEVELA XD 'S A DMLXISTR. 1 TION, 1SS5S9. 



239 



occurred in ditlbrent jnirts of tlio eountrv. In (liieago, 
May 4, 1880, while the police were dispersing a crowd 
of pestilent anarchists, one of them threw a dynamite 
bomb among the otficers. Its explosion killed si'ven, 
crippled eleven for Hfe. and injured a nundier of 
others, /riie most guilt}' of the anarchists were tried 
and hanged. 

5. The Statue of Liberty. — The statue of Liberty, 
so (,'Ons|)icuous an object in the harbor of New York, 
was dedicated October 28, 188(5. The eeremonies were 





rSt^ 



Ptatvk of I.iiiri'.TY. Xew Yukk IIahror. 



striking antl impressive, and were attended by the Pres- 
ident, Lieutenant-( General Sheridan, and several mem- 
bers of the Cabinet, besides many distinguished visitors. 
6. Earthquakes in Charleston. — Few occurrences 
in tlie liistory of our country were more startling than 
the earthquakes in Cliarleston, S. C, in the sunnner and 
earlv autunni of 188(k The shocks were felt in other 
parts of the South, but were severer in Charleston than 



240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

anywhere else. The deaths were about one hundred, 
the loss from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000, and fully two- 
thirds of the city required rebuilding. 

7. Conquest of the Apaches. — An important 
achievement of the United States army was the close 
of hostilities with the Apache Indians of the South- 
west. These red men are the most formidable that 
ever defied the white man. ' Their endurance, cunning, 
and malignancy made them for a long time the dreaded 
scourge of the border. Geronimo (he-ron'i-mo) was their 
leader during late years, and was tlie cause of numerous 
outrages. After incredible hardships the Apaches were 
conquered, their leaders run down, and with their fami- 
lies, including Geronimo, were transferred to a fertile 
reservation in Alabama. 

8. Presidential Election of 1888. — In the election 
of 1888 the Republicans elected Benjamin Harrison of 
Indiana President and Levi P. Morton of New York 
Vice-President. They defeated Grover Cleveland and 
Allen G. Thurman of Ohio, who had been nominated 
by the Democrats.' 

' Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of tlie United States, was 
born at North Bend, O., August 20, 1833. His grandfother was the ninth 
President, William H. Harrison. Benjamin graduated at Miami Univer- 
sity in 1852. He chose law as his profession, and upon being admitted to 
the bar established himself in Indianapolis. He enlisted in the service 
of his country at the outbreak of the Civil War, and served with marked 
success to the close. In 1881 he was elected to the United States Senate, 
and displayed much ability. His administration has been clean and cred- 
itable. The speeches made by President Harrison during his tour across 
the continent in 1891 were models of taste and eloquence. 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SS9-9S. 



241 



CHAPTER XLVIII. 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1889-93. 



1. The Johnstown Flood. — The most lamentable dis- 
aster in our country of late years was the flood of .Johns- 
town, Pennsylva- 
nia, May 31, 1880. 
The giving way of 
a reservoir em- 
bankment released 
a torrent of water 
half a mile wide 
and nearly forty 
feet high. It rushed 
down the Cone- 
maugh Valley at 
the rate of more 
than two miles 
a minute, drown- 
ing 2205 persons 
and destroying 
$10,000,000 wortii 
of property. 

2. The Indian 
Uprising of 1890- 

91. —Trouble broke out with the Sioux Indians in the 
latter part of 1800. Sitting Bull, the marplot among 
the red men, was arrested by the Indian police at Crand 
Pviver, South Dakota, on the 15tli of December. In an 
attempt by his followers to rescue him he and eleven 
others were killed. Conflicts took place at Wounded 
Knee Creek, S. D., Decendjer 20th, in which thirty sol- 




Ben.iamin IIaI'.UI.soN. 



242 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



diers of the Seventh Cavalry and two hundred Indians 
were killed. Lieutenant Edward W. Casey, while scout- 
ing near the hostile cani}), was shot by an Indian, who 
was afterward arrested, tried, and acquitted. 

3. A large number of Indians fled to the Bad Lands 




Johnstown today, showing LofATioN of Brokkn Dam. 

and defied the military authorities. They had been 
aroused to a pitch of fanatical excitement by ghost- 
dances, and the belief that their Messiah was about to 
ap|)ear among them and drive the whites from their 
hunting-grounds. General Miles took command of the 
government troops on the 2(1 of January. At one time 
there was fear of a general rising among the tribes of the 
North-west, but the military authorities managed mat- 
ters with great discretion. The hostiles who had taken 
refuge in the Bad Lands returned to Pine Bidge Agency 
on the loth of January, and surrendered their arms 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1889-93. 243 

to the riiitcil States officers. There was no further 
fronhle. 

4. Death of Jefferson Davis. — Jeti'erson Davis, Ex- 
President of the Southern Confederacy, died in New Or- 
leans, December G, 188U. His funeral was generally 
observed throughout the South. His remains were re- 
moved to Richmond in 1891, and a movement was organ- 
ized to erect a monument to his memory. 

5. Deaths of Admiral Porter, General Sherman, 
and General Johnston. — A<hniral David D. I\)rter died 
in Washington, February 13, 1801, and General Sherman 
expired the following day at his home in New York City. 
He was the last of the great military leaders on the 
Union side in the Civil War, and great respect and 
honors were shown to his memory. General Joseph E. 
Johnston, who, next to General Lee, was the most famous 
leader in the battles of the Confederacy, died in Wash- 
ington, ^hirch -21, ISOl. 

6. Admission of New States. — Several new States 
were formed during Harrison's administration. North 
and South Dakota were admitted November 3, 1889; 
Montana, November 8, and Washington, November 11 
of the same year ; Idaho was admitted July 3, and 
Wyomiug, July 19. 1890. In accordance with the 
rule, when a State is admitted into the Union its repre- 
sentative star does not appear on our flag until the -1th 
of July following. For the first time, therefore, in its 
history our national l)anner displayed forty-four stars 
on July 4, 1891. 

7. The Tariff. — The })riiu'ipal (piestion before the 
Congress of 1890 Avas the tarilT. Atter much discussion 
an important bill was passed making many changes in 
the tariir, mostly in the direction of protection. 

8. Conclusion. — Luokiny; back over the hundred 



244 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



years or more of our national existence, we are filled 
with wonder and gratitude. The four million inhabit- 
ants in 1790 have become sixty-two million five hun- 
dred thousand at the close of a century. The territory 
of eighty thousand square miles has expanded to four 
million. A century since the only cities having a pop- 
ulation of ten thousand and upward were Philadelphia, 
New York, Boston, Charleston, and Bahimore. To-day 
there are nearly four hundred such cities, with several 
exceeding a million of inhabitants. The post-offices have 
increased from seventy-five to sixty thousand. The letter 
which, until ISIG, cost twenty-five cents to send five hun- 
dred miles, can be forwarded from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific for two cents. The journey from New York to 




The L'i,i;um().nt, the 1''ik>t Steamucjat. 



Philadelphia, originally requiring two days, is now made 
in two hours. More than one hundred and twenty mil- 
lion dollars are expended annually in the education of 
twelve million school-children. 

9. Inventions. — Our people are a nation of inven- 



HARBISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S80-03. 245 

tors. Tlie quadrant was invented by Thomas Godfrey 
at about the same time that IJenjamin Franklin origi- 
nated the hghtning-rod. In 1704, Eli Whitney con- 
structed the cotton-gin, which made the i)roduction of 
cotton the leading industry of the South. Since then 
the inventions of Americans have been numberless. 
Among the leading ones are the steamboat, agricultural 
machines, the telegraph, improved gunnery, lightning 
printing-|)resses, sewing-machines, the telephone, phono- 
graph, kinetoscope, with ecjually marvelous inventions 
doubtless to come in the near future. 

10. Literature and Art. — In literature and art the 
Americans have made and are making a no less sur- 
prising advancement. The Revolution secured to us 
our iiational existence; the War of 1S12 gave us a 
prestige aniong nations, and the Civil War of 1861-65 
purged us of all danger from within. The United 
States is destined to lead in the civilization and prog- 
ress of the world, and under the favor of Heaven shall 
endure to the end of time. 



APPENDIX. 



DECLxVRATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

A DECLARATION BY THP] REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

Wlieii, ill the coursL' of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and 
equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the o{)inions of mankind requires that they 
shduid declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : — That all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
rights-, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- 
riving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such 
form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established 
should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all 
experience hath shown that mankind are more disj)osed to suffer while 
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishin-g the forms to 
which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them 
under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw oflT 
such government, and to jjrovide new guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of gov- 
ernment. The history of the i)resent King of (ireat Britain is a history 
of rej)cate(l injuries and usui-pations, all having in direct object the estab- 

247 



248 ArrENDIX. 

lislinient of <an al)solute tyranny over tliese states. To prove tliis, let facts 
l)e submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

lie has forl)i(l(len his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till liis assent should be 
obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

lie has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
tricts of people, unless tho.se people would relinquish the right of rejjre- 
sentation in the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
to tyrants only. 

lie has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remain- 
ing, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangcis of invasions from with- 
out, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the j)opulation of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing 
to j)ass others to encourage their migration iiithcr, and I'uising the condi- 
tions of new appropriations of lanils. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dejiendent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
ofHces, and the amount and i)ayment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to liarass our peoi)le and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures ; 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, 
the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitutions, and unacknowledged liv our laws; giving his assent to 
tlieir acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- 
ders wjiicli they should connnit on the inhabitants of these States; 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 219 

For cutting; ofi' oiii- tnidc witli all parts of the world ; 

For iiui)osiiig taxes on us witiiout our (.'oiisent ; 

For depriving us, in many oases, of the benefits of trial hy jurv ; 

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended oflenecs; 

For abolishing the free system of Fnglish laws in a neighboring prov- 
inee, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render if at once an example and tit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; 

For taking away our charters, aI)olishing our most valual)le laws, and 
altering fundamentally, tlie forms of our governments; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, I)y declaring us out of his i)rotcc- 
tion, and waging war against us. 

lie has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

Pie is at this time transpoj-ting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely i^aralleled in the most bar- 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have jjctitioned for redress in 
the most humble terms; om- repeated iK'titions have been answered only 
by rej)eated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked bv every 
act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature 
to extend an unwarrantalile jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. AVe 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have 
conjured tliem, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 
usurjiations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and corre- 
si)()ndence. They, too, liave been deaf to the voice of justice and con- 
sanguinity. We must, therefore, accpiiesce in the necessity which de- 
nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace friends. 
18 



250 



APPENDIX. 



We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in 
General Congress assembled, appealing to the .Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority 
of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, 
and that all political connection between them and the state of Great 
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and thtit, as free and inde- 
pendent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract 
alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which in- 
dependent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we 
mutually i)ledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred 
honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engi'ossed, and 
signed by the following members: 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

JOSIAH BaRTLETT, 

William Whipple, 
Matthew Thop.nton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

RHODE ISLAND. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

NEW YORK. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



JOHN HANCOCK. 

NEW JERSEY. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Cly'mer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

DELAWARE. 

CiESAR Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

MARYLAND. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
rollton. 

VIRGINIA. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Edward Ri'tledge, 
Thomas Hayward, Jr., 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Ahthui: IMiddlicton. 

GEORGIA. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 251 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

^VK, the Peojile of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establisli justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
mon defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
lil)erly to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con- 
stitution for the United States of America. 

articlp: I. 

Section 1. All legislative powers lierein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the I'nited States, which shall consist of a Senate and House 
of Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall l)e com])osed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the 
electors in each State shall have the qualitications requisite for electors of 
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a rei)resentative who shall not have attained to the 
age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of tliat State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within this Union, according to their re- 
spective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole num- 
ber of free jjcrsons, including those bound to service for a term of years, 
and excluding Indians not taxed, thicc-tifths of all other persons. The 
actual entuneration shall be made within three years after the first meet- 
ing of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent 
term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num- 
ber of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but 
each State shall have at least one representative: and until such enumer- 
ation shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
choose three ; jMassachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plan- 
tations, one; Connecticut, live; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Penn- 
sylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North 
Carolina, five; South Carolina, live; and (ieorgia, three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers; and shall have tlie sole power of impeachment. 

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 



252 ArPENDIX. 

senators from eacli State, cliosen l>y tlie Legislature tliereof, for six years; 
and eacli senator sliall liave one vote. 

Immediately after tliey sliall be assembled in conse(jiience of the first 
election, they shall be divided as ecjnally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the 
fourth year; of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so 
that one-third maybe chosen every second year ; and if vacancies hap- 
pen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature 
of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill stich 
vacancies. 

No person shall be a senator wlio sliall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall 
be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the LTnited States shall be president of the Senate, 
but shall have no vote, unless tliey be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro 
tempore, in the absence of the \'ice-President, or when he sliall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : when 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. \Vhen the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside; 
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds 
of the nieinbers present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the ])arty convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to iiulictiiieiit, trial, judgment, and 
punishment, according to law. 

Section 4. The times, places, and manner of liolding elections for 
senators and representatives shall be presciibcd in each State by the 
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make 
or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and t-uch 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless tlu'V shall by 
law ai)point a difTerent day. 

Si'X'TiON o. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, ret inns, 
and (pialifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
stitute a (pioriim to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from 
day to day, and Inay be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 253 

members, in siicli manner, and under sncli penalties, as each lionse may 
provide. 

Each iiouse may determine the rules of its proceedinfjs, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the eoncurrenee of two-thirds, 
expel a member. 

Each liouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment 
require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
on any question shall, at tlie desire of one-fiftli of those present, be entered 
on the journal. 

Neither liouse, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- 
sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place 
than that in which the two houses sliall be sitting. 

Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- 
tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treas- 
ury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, 
and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance 
at the .session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning 
from the same ; and for any speech oi- debate in either house, they shall 
not be questioned in any other place. 

No senator or representative sliall, during the time for wliicli he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office 
under the United States, shall be a member of either house during liis 
continuance in office. 

Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the Iiouse 
of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the Iiouse of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President 
of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall 
return it, witii liis objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- 
nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and pro- 
ceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with tiie objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and 
if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, and the names of tlu' peismis voting for and against the l>ill shall 
be entered oil the journal of each iiouse respectively. If any l)ill shall 
not be returned l)y the I'resident witiiin ten days (Sun<lay excepted) after 



254 APPENDIX. 

it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
ner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress bv their adjournment pre- 
vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives mav l)e necessary (except on a question of 
adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; 
and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. The Congress shall have jxiwer ti> lay and collect taxes, 
duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common 
defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, 
and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce Avith foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and vniiform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and tix 
the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of tounterfeiting the securities and cur- 
rent coin of the United States; 

To establish post offices and post-roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secin-ing, for 
limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respec- 
tive writings and discoveries; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to tlie Supreme Court ; 

To define and piniish piracies and felonies conunitted on the high seas, 
and offences against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of mariiue and reprisal, and make rides 
concerning cajjtures on land and water; 

To raise and suiijiort armies, but no apprcju-iation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To nuike rides for the government and remilatiuii of the land and 
naval forces; 

To provide fur laliing forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disiii)lining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in tlie service of the 
United States, reserving to tlie States respectively the appointment of the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 

officers, aiul tlu' aulliority of tr:iiniiio- the iiiilitia aot'ordiiii;- tn the disci- 
plino prescribed liy ( niinri'ss; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever owv such dis- 
trict (^not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of j)articnhir 
States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United vStates, and to exercise like authority^ over all places 
l>urchascd by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, 
and other needi'ul buildings ; — and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and jiroper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the government of tlu- I'niti'd States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think jiropcr to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on suili importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for eacli person. 

The privilege of tiie writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in I'ases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 
(piire it. 

]S'o bill of attainder or ex-jiost-facto law shall be j)assed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in projiortion to 
the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from anv State. 

Ko preferent'c shall be given by any regulation of conunerce or revenue 
to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound 
to, or iVoiM, one State, be obliged to inter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

No Tuouey shall be drawn iVoni tlu' treasury but in eonse(pienee of 
aiiiHoprialions made by law ; and a regular stati'UU'ut and account of the 
receipts and expenditures of all jiublic money shall b • published from 
time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the I'nited States : and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without 
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, oHice, or 
title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SpX'TIoN 10. No Stati' sh.all enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of manpH' .and rt^prisal ; coin money; emit bills 
of credit ; make auytbiug but gold and silver coin a tender in pavment 
of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-lacto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No State sliall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or 



256 APPENDIX. 

duties on imports or exjiorts, except what may lie alisnliitely necessary for 
executing its inspection laws; and the net pni(hiee of all duties and im- 
posts, laid hy any State on imports or exj)orts, shall l)e lor the use of the 
treasury of the United i^'tates; and all such laws shall be subject to the 
revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- 
nage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
ment or compact with an(3ther State, or with a foreign power, or engage in 
war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit 
of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Sfx'TION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall liold his office during the term of 
four years, and, together with the ^'ice-President, chosen for the same 
term, be elected, as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of sena- 
tors and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Con- 
gress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
of trust or profit under tlie United States, shall be apjiointed an 
elector. 

[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the 
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they 
shall sign and certify and transmit scaled to the scat of the government 
of tlie I'nited States, directed to the president of the Senate. The pres- 
ident of the Senate shall, in (he presence of the Senate and House of 
of Representatives, open all tlie certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the 
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and 
have an ecjual number of votes, tlien the House of Representatives shall 
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person 
have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said house shall 
in like manner, choose the President. Rut in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken l)y States, the rejiresentation from each Slate having 
one vote; a quorum for this purpf)se shall consist of a member or mem- 
bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall 
be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, 
the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 

the Vice-President. But if tliere slidiild ifiuaiii two or more wlio have 
equal votes, the Senate shall choose from tlieni In- ballot the "N'ice-Pres- 
ident.] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the 
day on which they shall give their votes; wliich day shall he the same 
tliroiighout the United States. 

No ]KM'son except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to 
the ofHce of President ; neitiier shall any person be eligible to that office 
who siiall not have attained to the age of thirty-tive years, and been four- 
teen years resident within the United States. 

Jn case of removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- 
nation, or inability to di-jciiarge the powers and duties of the said office, 
the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by 
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both 
of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act 
as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability 
be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall liave been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any 
of them. 

Before he enters on the execution of liis office, he sliall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the oflice of President of the Inited States, and will, to 
the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend tlie Constitution of 
the United States." 

Skctiox 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy of the I'nited States, and of the militia of the several States, 
when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require 
the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in such of the executive 
departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences 
against the United States, exce]it in cases of impeachment. 

lie shall have j)ower, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and 
he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate 
shall a|i|inint amliassadors, otliei' public ministers and consuls, judges of 
the Supreme Court, and all othei- officers of the United States, whose 
appointments wlio are not herein otherwise ])rovided fni-, and which shall 
be established by law : but the ( 'ongress m.iy by law vi'st the appointment 



258 APPENDIX. 

of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in 
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vancancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which 
shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Skction 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and 
in case of disagreement between them with resfjcct to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; 
he shall receive amba.s.sadors and other public ministers; he sliall take 
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall connnission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and 
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitntidu, \\\v laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be nindc, under their authority; — to all 
cases aflecting ambasradors, other iniltlic ministers, and consuls;— to all 
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which 
the Ignited Statics shall be a party ;— to controversies between two or more 
States; — between a State and citizens of another State; — between citizens 
of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lauds 
under grants of diflferent States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, 
and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other ])ublic ministers and consuls, 
and those in which a State shall bi> jiarty, the Supreme Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Sujireme 
Court shall have ai^pellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with siicli 
exceptions and under sucli regulations as the Congress sliall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in eases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 

shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, 
the trial shall be at sucii place or i)laces as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the I'nited States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two 
witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, 
except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And 
the Congress may by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such 
acts, records, and proceedings shall be jjroved, and the eflect thereof. 

Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A }!erson charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand 
of the executive authority of the State from which he Hed, be delivered 
up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

No jierson held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up 
on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
I^nion ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
of ;iiiy otlicr State; nor any State be formed by the jimction of two or 
more States, ov parts of States, without the consent of the Legislature of 
the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

Tiie Congress shall have i)o\ver to dispose of and make all needful rules 
and regulations resj>ectiug the territory or other property lielonging to 
tiie United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any par- 
ticular State. 

Section 4. Tlie I'nited States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of 
tiiem against invasion, and on api)lication of the Legislature, or of the 
Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic 
violence. 



260 APPENDIX. 

AETKLE V. 

The (Jongres.s, wlienever two-tliirds of botli liouscs shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall jiropose ainendnients to this Constitution, or, on the application 
of the Legislatures of two-thirds of tlie several States, shall call a con- 
vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
to all intents and jjurposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by 
the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions 
in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may 
be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in 
any manner atiect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the 
first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deju-ived 
of its equal sufliage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VL 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, l)efore the adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

Tills Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in i)nrsuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under the authority of the United States^, shall be the supreme 
law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- 
withstanding. 

The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, 
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by 
oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religions test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust 
under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratilicalion of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
for the eslal)lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying 
the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States pres- 
ent, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the in- 
dependence of the I'nited States of America the twelfth. 
In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

(iEORGE WASHIN(;T0N, 
President , and lUpntiifrom Virgmia. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



261 



NEW HAMPSIIIKE. 
John Lanodon, 
Nicholas Oilman. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 
Nathaniel Gorham, 
Ri'Fus King. 

CONNECTICUT. 
William Sa.muel John.son, 
llOGKU Sherman. 

NEW YORK. 
Alexandki: Ham II. ton. 

NEW JERSEY. 
William LiviNiisxoN, 
David Bi;eai;lev, 
William Pateiison, 
Jonathan Dayton. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 
Benjamin Franklin, 
Tho.mas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, 
George Cly.mer, 
Thoma.s FiTZ.sijroNs, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
James Wilson, 

GOUVERNEUR MoltRLS. 

DELAWARE. 
George Read, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr. 
John Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacod Broom. 



VIRGINIA. 

John Blair, 
James Madison, Jk. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

William Blount, 
Richard Dorbs Spaight, 
High Willi a.m.son. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

John Rutledge, 
Charles C. Pinckney, 
Charles Pinckney', 
Pierce Butler. 



MARYLAND. 
James M'Henrv, 
Daniel of St. Thomas 

Jenifei;, 
Daniel Carroll. 
Allesl: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



GEORGIA. 

William Few, 
Abraham Baldwin. 



AMENDMENTS 

To THE Constitution of the United States, ratified according 
TO the Provisions of the Fifth Article of the Foregoing 
Constitution. 



Article I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the 
freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably 
to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. 

Article II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security 
of a free State the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
infringed. 

Article III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but in a 
manner to be prescribed by law. 

Article IV. — The right of the people to be .secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and eflects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, Imt upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or alliruKilion, and particularly describing the place to 
be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 



262 APPENDIX. 

Article V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand 
jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, 
when in actual service in time of war and public danger; nor shall any 
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life 
or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor io be deprived of life, liberty, or property, witliout 
due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
without just compensation. 

Article VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State 
and district wherein the crime shall have been conmiitted, which district 
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses 
against him ; to have compulsory process for t)btaiuing witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

Article VII. — In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of 
the United States than according to the rules of common law. 

Article VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Article IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the i)eople. 

Article X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States 
respectively, or to the people. 

Article XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, connnenced or jirosecuted 
against any of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citi- 
zens or subjects (if any foreign state. 

Article XII. — The electors shall meet in their respective Slates, and 
vote by ballot for President and ^'ice-President, one of whom, at least, 
shall not be an inhabitant with the same State with themselves; they 
shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in dis- 
tinct ballots the jierson voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all per- 
sons voted for as Vice-President, and of the nuinltei- of votes for each, 
which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
the government of the United States, directed to the president of the 
Senate; — the president of the Senate shall, in the jiresence of tlie Senate 
and House of Ivepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 263 

shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest number of votes 
for President, sliall lie the President, if sueh number be a majority of the 
wliole niunber of eleet(M-s appointed ; and if no person have sucii majority, 
tlien from the persons liaving the highest numbers not exceeding three on 
the list of those voted f<ir as President, the House of Representatives shall 
choose innnediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the Pres- 
ident, tlie votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each 
State having one vote; a rpiorum for tliis purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or membt-rs from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
States shall be necessary to a clioice. And if the House of Kei)resenta- 
tives sliall not clioose a President wlienever the right of choice shall 
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, tiien 
the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or 
other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the 
greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, 
if sucii number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; 
and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on 
the list, tlie Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the 
purpose siiail consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and 
a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no 
person constitutionally ineligible to tlie office of President shall be eligible 
to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

Article XIII. — Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
except as a punisliment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
convicted, shall exist within the I'nited States, or any place subject to 
their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce tiiis article liy appro- 
priate legislation. 

Aktkle XIV. — Sectio)! 1. All perscms born or natin-alized in the 
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State sliall make 
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or inuuunities of 
the citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive anv person 
of life, liberty, or i>r(iperty, witliout due process of law, nor deny to anv 
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. Bepresentatives shall be appointed among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But wlien the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of electors for I*resident and Vice- 
President of the United States, representatives in Congress, tlie executive 
or judicial ofiieers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 



264 .1 PPEXDIX. 

years of age, and eiti/.t'iis of the I'liited States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in ri'Iiellion or otiier crime, tlie basis of rei)resen- 
tation therein shall be reduced in the projiortion which the nnmber of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, 
or elector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any State, who having pre- 
viously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive 
or judicial oflicer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United 
States, shall have engaged in insin-rection or rebellion against tlie same, or 
given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote 
of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Sccfion 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- 
ized by law, including debts inciUTcd lor payment of pensions and l)ounties 
for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be (jues- 
tioned. But neither the United States nor any State sliall assume or pay 
any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against 
the United States, or any claim fm- the loss or emancipation of any slave ; 
but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section o. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legis- 
lation, the provisions of this article. 

Article XV. — Section 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or I>y any State, 
on account of race, color, or jjrevious condition of servitude. 

Section 2. Congress shall have i)ower to enforce tliis article by appro- 
priate legislation. 



LIST OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



265 



5§ 

>J 30 



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266 



APPENDIX. 



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LIST OF PRESIDENTS. 



267 





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268 APPENDIX. 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 



Chapter I. — 1. Whence came tlie people who first discovered Amer- 
ica? What is known of their visit to the new world? By wiiat other 
route was our country visited ? 

2. What is known of the mound-builders ? Give some of the proofs 
of their existence. 

3. What is said of the Northmen ? What of Naddod? What other 
settlements were made in Iceland ? 

4. When was a permanent settlement made in Iceland? Tell wliat 
was d(jne by Eric the Red. Who were the first white men to look upon 
the mainland of America? Why did they not remain? 

•5. What of the Northmen? What of their settlements? For how 
louij; a period did America remain unknown to the old world? 

Cliaptor II.— 1. What were the land divisions of the earth supposed 
to be five hundred years ago? What was known of them? What is said 
of Europe's trade with India? What gave an impulse to navigation? 
What was told of Ciiina and Japan ? What did many of the learned 
men believe? What belief followed the one you have named? What of 
America ? 

2. When and where was Christopher Columbus born ? Tell what you 
know aliout his early years. 

8. (live a summary of the geographical ideas of Columbus. 

4. Why did he not set out at once to test the truth of his belief? 
Relate his first experience at the court of King Jolm of Portugal. 

5. Show how Columbus was treated by the king. What was the 
result of the king's expedition? 

(!. Where next did Columbus go? How long did lie importune the 
king and (|ueen and with wiiat result? 

7. To what (•(luntrv did ( olumbus now turn his attention? Why did 
he not go thither? Show the earnestness of (^ueen Isabella. Relate how 
the expedition was fitted out. 

8. What new difficulties were encountered l)y Columbus? Wliat three 
vessels were secured? When did the expedition sail ? 

9. How did the voyage affect the sailors? How did it affi;et Co- 
lumbus? 

10. What prevented open mutiny ? Describe the signs of land. 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 269 

11. Describe wliat Columbus saw on tlie nislit of October 11th. Wliat 
was seen tlie next morning ? 

12. Picture the scene on sliore. 

13. Describe the landing of Columbus. 

14. What name was given to tiie island? Did lie visit any other 
islands? What did he suppose them to be? Why were the natives 
called Indians? Have you ever seen an Indian? If so, describe his 
appearance. 

15. Describe the reception of Columbus on his return to Spain. I low 
were the king and queen atlected ? 

1(). How many more voyages did Columl)us make? AVliat ilid ln' dn 
on bis second voyage? When did he first see the mainland? At what 
point? When did Columbus die? What was his belief? 

Cliaptei' III. — 1. Relate what you know of Amerigo Vespucci. Tell 
how it was that America received its name. 

2. W^hat were the leading maritime nations of Europe four hundred 
years ago? How were they aflected by the discoveries of Columbus? 
By what right did Spain claim all the land discovered by Columl)ns? 

o. What caused the disappointment over the discoveries of Columbus? 
What of John Cabot ? 

4. When did Cabot sail from England? What did hi' accomplish? 
How was he received on his return? 

■5. What was done by the elder Cabot the following year? What of 
his son Sebastian? For what was he searching? Ibiw did his achieve- 
ments benefit England ? 

0. What was now the problem for Europe to solve? Tell what you 
know about Ponce de I^eon. 

7. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean. \Vhat ilid 
Balboa do after the discovery ? 

8. (tIvc an account of the first circumnavigation of the globe. What 
of the new route to India? 

9. In what year did Narvaez visit Florida ? How many nun bad he 
with him? What of the Indians? What was (bmc on reaching the (iulf 
of Mexico? (Jive their subsequent history. 

10. What of De Soto's expedition? When did they reach the Mis- 
sissippi River? What followed? What of De Soto's death and burial ? 
What became of the survivors? 

11. Give the history of the oldest city in the United States. 

12. Whom did France first send to searcli for tlie short route to India? 
What w;is done by him? ^^'llat nniiie was given to the newcoinitry? 
What credit belongs tn N'errM/.ani ? 

lo. What was done by .Jac(pies Cartier ? With what residt ? 



270 APPENDIX. 

14. What do yon kiimv of Captain Jolin Ribault? How were liis com- 
panions pleased witli tlie mw countrv? Wliat followed? 

15. What of Cai)tain Landonniere? A\'iiat did lie do? \\ hat followed? 
Wliat was done by Menendez ? 

16. What is said of ('hann)lain ? What colony was fonnded ? ^V]len ? 
What took place eight years later ? 

17. When and where was the first permanent settlement established in 
Canada? What did ('hanii)lain accomplish? What is Champlain some- 
times called? 

18. When did England bestir herself regarding the new world? Who 
was the first navigator she sent ont to join in the search for the new ronte 
to India? When? Give an account of his voyage. What of Sir Hum- 
phrey (lilbert ? 

19. Who was Sir Walter Kaleigh ? What did he do ? What land was 
granted to Raleigh ? 

20. For what pur})ose did Raleigh send an expedition to America? 
Where did the settlers land? What followed? What of tobacco? 

21. What was done by Raleigh in 1585? Where did they form a set- 
tlement ? How did the settlers spend their time? Who was the first 
white child born in Virginia? 

22. What did Governor White do? What detained him at home? 
What did he find on his return to the colony ? Is it known how they 
perished? How did these f\iilnres affect Sir Walter Raleigh? 

23. What is said of Holland ? Whom did she send to the new world? 
What did he do? What part of America was claimed by Holland? 

Cliapter IV. — 1. How many years after the discovery of America 
passed before the French, Dutch, or English planted j)ermanent settlements 
in America? Wliat had been done by Spain ? 
* 2. What was the result of the various explorations? 

o. What charters were granted by King James I. ? r)cfine the respective 
grants. 

4. What were the provisions of the charter? 

5. What was done by the Plymouth Company? Wliat followed? 

6. What was done by the London Company? What was the character 
of these colonists ? 

7. What is said of John Smith ? 

8. Describe the fieet. Who was its commander? What of the 
weather ? 

9. What was their intention ? ^\'hy did they not do so ? Describe the 
voyage up the James River. 

lU. When did the landing take jiiaee? What honor attaches to 
Jamestown ? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 271 

11. Describe the flight of the settlers. What of the Indians? 

12. Describe what followed. What fate threatened Jamestown? 

13. What was done by John Smith? 

14. How did Captain Smith obtain food ? 

15. Relate Captain Smith's adventure in ascmding the Chickahoiuiuy. 

16. What afterward befel Captain Smith ? How did the colony pros- 
per? What was the "starving time"? What was done by some of the 
settlers? To wdiat extent were their numliers reduced ? What did tliey 
decide to do? What prevented their departui-e? 

17. What changes were made in the charter of the London Com- 
pany ? 

18. Give the subsequent history of Pocahontas. 

Chapter V. — 1. What bad rule jjrevailcd in the colonies? What 
of Governors Dale and Argall? 

2. Wlien was the "Great Charter" granted? What did it give? 
What was done by Governor Yeardley ? 

3. Describe the new system of government in Virginia. WMiat was 
done in 1621 ? Point out the similarity between this system and that by 
which the United States is now governed. 

4. Describe the condition of Virginia at this time? 

5. Tell how African slavery was introduced into America. Were any 
more slaves imported ? 

6. Wlien did Pocahontas die? What followed ? What saved James- 
town and the nearest settlements? 

7. Describe the massacre of 1622. 

S. Give a summary of the succeeding hostilities. 

9. W^hat displeased King James? What did he do? What is meant 
by a royal province ? 

10. What was done l)y the British Parliament? Tell what you know 
about the Navigation Act. What was done by the assembly? 

11. What resulted from the oppressive measures of the assembly? 
What was the direct cause of the revolt? W'hat of Nathaniel Bacon? 
What followed? 

12. W^hat happened in the midst of the liostilities ? Wliat was the 
result? How was ^'irginia affected? Show its prosperity in 1650. 

Chapter VI. — 1. What is said of religious pensecutions in England 
in the eighteenth century? Who were the Pilgrims and Puritans? Who 
were " Separatists " ? 

2. What was done in 1620? Where and when did tliey land? Wliat 
is said of the weather? 

3. What kind of people were Ihe Puritans? Describe their hardships. 
Did they give up? 



272 APPENDIX. 

4. Why did not the Indijins molest them ? What was done in the 
spring? What is said of Samoset? Of Massasoit? 

5. Relate the anecdote of ("anonicus and (iovernor llradford. 
C. Tell wliat you know of Captain Miles Standish. 

7. What of the health of the colonists? What did tliey learn from 
the Indians? What of the Maijflower and the Fortune f 

8. What caused the colonists to suffer? What is said of the "famine 
year"? What was their condition in 1624? What of the plan of hold- 
ing property in common ? 

9. What caused an improvement? What progress was made? How 
was the colony governed? What took place in 1092? 

10. What is said of other colonists? What took place in 1G28 ? When 
was Boston founded ? Show the rapid increase in population in Massa- 
chusetts. 

11. In what respect did the sentiments of the Massachusetts Bay Puri- 
tans differ from those of Plymouth ? What were their intentions in com- 
ing to America ? 

12. Illustrate their intolerance. What of Roger Williams? 

13. How were the Quakers treated? 

14. What of the United ( olonies of New England ? What was the 
object of this luiion ? 

15. What is said of King Philip? Describe the attack at Swansea. 
What followed? 

16. What was done by the settlers? Describe the "Swam]) Fight." 

17. What is said of the Narragansetts ? Of King Philip? 

18. What followed King Philip's death? 

19. How did the Navigation Act afl'ect Massachusetts? Did the colo- 
nists s\ibmit ? What steps were taken to bring them to suI)mission ? 
What of Sir Edmund Andros? 

20. How long did Andros govern ? What then took place? AViiat of 
Sir William Phipps? 

21. Tell what you know of witchcraft in New England. 
Chsi]>tev VII. — 1. What grant of land was received by Gorges and 

Mason ? What settlements were made ? What of the patent ? What 
country was taken by Mason ? By Gorges ? 

2. What claim was made by Massachusetts? How did it secure 
a clear title? How long did Maine remain a part of Massachusetts? 
W^hat is said of New Hampshire? When did it become a royal prov- 
ince? 

3. What took place in 1()31 ? What was done l)y the Dutch? By 
the English? When was Hartford founded? How were the Dutch shut 
out? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 273 

4. What of the Pequod Indians? What did Roger Williams do? 
Wliat massacre took place? Wliat was done by Captain Mason? 

'). What took place in l(i(;:i? lnlG87? Relate the anecdote cvf the 
Charter Oak. 

6. What did (iovernor Andros do? \Vhat happened two years later? 

7. What settlement was made by Roger Williams? By a party of 
exiles from Massachnsetts ? How did they treat the opinions of others? 

8. What request was refused by the New England Union ? How was 
the objection overcome? Wliat was done in 1647 ? 

Chapter VIII. — 1. What of Henry Hudson? By whom and for 
what purpose was he sent? 

2. What was done the following year? In 1011? What did they 
claim ? What name was given to the territory ? 

3. What trading-posts were built ? ^Vhat was done by the Dutch 
traders? When was a colony sent to New Netherlands? Wliere was 
Fort Orange? New Amsterdam? 

4. What privilege was granted to those persons who iilanted a colony ? 
W'hat was the result ? 

5. Who was the first Dutch governor? When did he take charge? 
What did he do? What was the population of New York in ]()28? 

6. What is said of Wouter van Twillcr? Of Peter Stnyvesant? What 
did he do in 1655 ? WHiat else? 

7. W^hat claim was made by I^ngland ? On what grounds? ^Vhat 
took place in 1664? What change was made in the name? What was 
the population ? 

8. What is said of the people? Of the rulers? When did the I»utch 
retake New York? What took place the following year? 

9. Wliat is said of (Jovernor Andros? What took place in 1683? 
What was done by the duke of York when he became king ? 

10. What followed the imprisonment of Governor Andros in Pxiston ? 
What was done by Captain Leister? What was his fate? What is said 
of New York ? 

Chapter IX. — 1. In what was New Jersey included ? What was 
done l)y the Dutch ? What was done by the duke of York ? Where and 
when was the first English settlement nuidi- in New Jersey? What other 
settlements were made before that date? 

2. What took place in 1674? What was done by Eoid Berkeley? 
What followed? 

3. What took place after Carteret's death ? What caused confusion? 
What took place in 1702? In 1738? 

4. What can you tell about the first settlement in Delaware? What did 
they name the new country? What of the other settlements? 



274 APPENDIX. 

5. How came William Penn to secure the grant to Pennsylvania ? 
Wliat addition was made by the duke of York ? 

G. What was Penn's object? What did he do? When did he arrive? 
When was Philadelphia laid out ? 

7. What is said of Pennsylvania? To what was this due? Illustrate 
Penn's honesty. 

8. What was the foundation-principle of Penn's theories? What 
crimes only were punishable with death? How did he regard prisons? 
arbitration? an oath? cockpits, card-playing, and drunkenness? lying? 
What did he establish? What was done where an Indian was con- 
cerned ? 

9. What is said of Penn's treaty with the Indians? Illustrate the 
prosperity of Philadelphia. 

10. What is said of Delaware? What did Penn do at their request? 
What is said of the two provinces? 

11. When did Penn die? What of his heirs? What was done in 
1779? 

Cllciptei" X. — 1. What was the cause of many immigrants coming to 
America? Who was Lord Baltimore? What grant did he obtain? When, 
where, and by whom was the first settlement made? 

2. What was its name? What right was given by the charter? When 
was the "Toleration Act" passed, and what did it do? What was the 
result of this liberality ? 

3. What claim was made by Virginia? What did Clayborne do? 
What was his next step? What did he do in 1645? What followed? 

4. What trouble existed in Maryland? What took place in 1691? 
How wei'e the Catholics treated? When were Lord Baltimore's rights 
restored to him? How long did this administration continue? 

5. What grant of land was made in 1663? Why was it named Caro- 
lina? What colony was already planted there by Virginians? When 
and by whom was the Carteret colony cstal)lished? Where did the immi- 
grants lirst settle ? Where next ? 

6. How did the colonies increase? What friction resulted? What was 
done by the proprietors in 1729 ? What followed ? 

7. Which was the last of the thirteen original colonies to be settled? 
Wiiat was done by General Oglethorpe? 

8. What was the scheme of General Oglethorpe? When was Savannah 
founded ? What was done to aid him in England ? 

9. What is said of General Oglethorpe? How did lie display his 
generalship? What is said of some of his rules? Wliy? What was 
done in 1752? How long did Georgia continue a royal province? 

Chapter XI. — 1. What followed the European wars ? What was 



QUESTIONS FOB THE USE OF CLASSES. 275 

the first intei'colonial war? How long did it continue? What Indians 
helped the French? Wiiat Indians iieli)ed tlie P]nglish? 

2. Wliat was done l)y the French and Indians? What was the 
favorite time for attack l)y tiic Indians? Why? [Show how cruel the 
Indians were. 

3. What step was taken hy the colonists? What was done hy Sir 
William Phipps? How was the war ended? What did this treaty do? 

4. What was the cause of Queen Anne's War? Wliat of the Iroquois? 
What is said of New England? 

5. What of Port Royal ? What name was given to the place? What 
of the expedition against Canada ? How was the war ended ? What of 
Acadia ? 

6. How long did King George's War continue? What was the most 
noted event? How was peace secured? What angered the colonies? 
How were matters left? 

7. How long did the French and Indian War last ? What is said of 
it? What is said of Franco and England? In what way only could the 
struggle end ? 

S. What is said of the Euglish colonies at this time? Of the French 
territory ? 

9. What is said of the fur-trade? What of the rights of the Indians? 
What did the French do ? W'hat forts did they build ? 

10. How did Virginia regard this invasion by the French ? What 
did Governor Dinwiddie do? Whom did he elect as the bearer of the 
message ? 

11. Tell what you know of young Washington. 

12. Illustrate Washington's promptness. How many companions had 
he? How long was the journey ? Describe it. 

13. Relate some of Washington's experiences on this journey. 

14. How long did the journey last? What reply was brought back by 
W^ashington ? Why did not the French commander obey the request of 
Governor Dinwiddie? 

15. Whither was Major W^ashington sent ? What was the result? 

16. What was done in 1775? W^hat is said of General Braddock? 

17. AVhat took ))lace within less than ten miles of the fort? How did 
the Virginians tight? What of Braddock? 

18. Illustrate Braddock's bravery. What is said of Washington? What 
did the regulars finally do? What was done by Washington? 

19. What of Acadia? What was done with the Acadians? Why was 
this harsh step taken? 

20. What is said of the progress of the English at the beginning of the 
war? ^N'liat was done by Generals Amherst and Wolfe? Wliat capture 



276 APPENDIX. 

was made in September? What was clone at Fort Duquesne ? "Why was 
the English fort named Pittsburg? 

21. What is said of tiie attack upon Fort Ticoudcrogn ? What took 
place the following year? 

22. What would be the deathblow to French rule in America? To 
whom was the task assigned? What did he do in the sunnner of 1759? 
What of Montcalm? 

23. What is said of Wolfe ? Of Montcalm ? 

24. What discovery was made l)y Wolfe? What did he do? What 
sight astounded Montcalm the next morning? 

25. What was done by Montcalm? Describe Wolfe's death. 

26. Describe Montcalm's death. When did Quebec surrender ? 

27. What attempt was made by the French? What is said of the 
treaty of Paris? What did the treaty secure to England? Sinn up the 
result of the French and Indian War. 

ChaptlT XII. — 1. What is said of life during the colonial times? 
Of the houses? Why were they thus made? What of the windows? 
The doors and interiors? The stairs? The chimney? 

2. Describe the fireplaces: the wiudow-})anes; the furniture; the floor. 
What of carpets? The latch-string? 

3. What of plates among the poorer ])eople? of forks? How was food 
cut and eaten? What of the pots and kettles? IIow was cooking done? 
How was meat broiled ? 

4. What of the ovens? How was a i)ig roasted? What of the lloor 
of the best room? What is said of the furniture in the liouscs of (he 
rich? the pewter dishes ? the silverware? 

5. What of tlie drinking habit? Illustrate. 

6. Descrilx' the dress of tlic men in good circumstances; of the 
laborers. 

7. What of the schools? the teachers? the vacations? corporal })unish- 
ment? of Sunday-schools? of the sermons? How were the listeners kept 
awake? 

S. Wiial is said of the laws? Illustrate. How did tlic people of iinrt- 
ford know when to rise in the morning? How were the scolds treated? 
How were other ollences ))unishe(l ? 

i). I)escril)e some of the nie;ins of entertainment among our loi'c- 
fathers. What was poi)ul:ii' in tlu' Middle and Southern colonies? 
In New England? What was doni' at fiuierals? What of other sports? 

10. IIow did the peojile travel in colonial times? What is said of 
slavery? Illustrate the ignorance tlint ]ire\ ailed. Wlu'U and where was 
the first print ing-])ress set up? \\'hnt was tlu' lirst newsjiaper, and whi'U 
was it issued? The first daily newspaper ? When was Harvard College 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES 277 

founded? William and Mary? Yale? Princeton? University of 
Pennsylvania? Columbia? Dartmouth? How did they compare with 
the colleges of the present day bearing tliose names? 

Chapter XIII. — 1. What is said of the North American of to-day? 
Describe him. 

2. Are the Indians growing less in nundjer? How many are there in 
our country to-day ? 

3. What is said of the Indian's muscular development and piowcrs of 
endurance? Illustrate. 

4. How have the Indians been treated by the white peojjle? What is 
said of Osceola ? What of William I'enn ? 

5. What further is said of the Indians? 

6. How are the Indian women treated? What does a warrior think 
of work? 

7. What of the " scalii-lock " ? Of what were the Indians fond? 
Why? 

8. What has the American race produced? Illustrate. 

'.>. What is said of all people? Of what is this a jjroof ? Describe tlie 
Indian's idea of heaven. Of what is he capable? 

10. Of what else is the Indian susceptible? What is said of tlie gov- 
ernment schools among them ? What is to Ije hoped ? 

Chapter XIV. — 1. What is said of the French and Indian War? 
What is meant by the expression? 

2. Mention some of the causes of the Eevolution. What of the 
navigation laws? W^hat declaration was made by England's prime min- 
ister ? 

3. What was inevitable? What would have postponed the separation? 
It what way might it have taken place? 

4. \Vhat was the direct cause of the Revolution? AVhen was this act 
])assed? How nuicli did the French and Indian War cost the colonies? 
What amount was returned to them? What was the purpose of the tax? 
What is meant by " taxation M'ithout representation " ? 

5. What disposition did England show toward her colonies ? What 
were writs of assistance? What did the Stamp Act require? AVhat was 
its object ? 

6. How did the Stamp Act affect the Americans? What did tliey do? 
To what did they pledge themselves ? 

7. What meeting was held in New York? ^Vhat did the members do? 
What was done by England ? 

8. What other act was passed by Parliament? What was done with 
troops? Did t hi' colonies consent? Wliat was the residt? Describe the 
Boston Massacre. 



278 APPENDIX. 

9. What was finally done ? How was tliis (ax arranf!;cd? For what 
was the niotiuT-c'dnntrv contendin.!';'.'' What actuated the Americans? 

10. What deterniinatioii was made hy the Americans? Wiiat wiis 
done in New York and I'hiladelphia? At < iiarleslon ? (Jive an account 
of the Boston Tea-I'arly. 

11. TIow was iMii^iand allectt'd hy these proeeedini;s ? What did she 
(111? IIow was Iloston. aliected hy the closlnj^ of lier port? Who were 
the Whi,<j;s and Tories? \Vliat of Patiiek Henry's words? What of 
revolution ? 

(liaptor XV. — 1. When and where did the first Continental Congress 
mei't ? What colony was unrepresented ? What is said of the majority? 
\Vhat did they declare ? What did they decide to do? 

'1. What is said of these words? \\'hat was done hy (ieneral (jage? 
What was done l)y the .Americans? AVhat took j)lace at Lexington? 
AVhat followed ? 

o. IIow did the atl'ray at Lexington alleet the Americans? Wiiat did 
they do? What saved the British army from dcstrnclion? What was 
its loss? What was that of the Americans? 

4. What has been said of Lexington? How was (he news carried? 
What was the aflect on the colonists? LIow many men gathered before 
Boston? What did they do? 

5. What next was done by tiie Americans? AVhat was done by Gen- 
eral fiage? 

6. Describe the battle of Ihniker Hill. 

7. What was the .American lo.-s? The British ? What benelits flowed 
from the battle? 

N. When and wiiere did the si^t-ond ( 'ontinental Congress assemble? 
What did it vote to do? Who was appointed connnander-in-chief ? What 
pay did he receive for his services during the Kevolution? What did 
he and Gates do? When did tliey learn of the battle of Bunker Hill? 

9. Describe the cajiture of Ticonderoga. What was secured ? What 
of Crown I'oint ? 

10. What is said of tlu' American army liefore Boston? Describe 
their condition. What did Washington do? What of tlie Ih'itish? 

11. AVhat was doui' in the latter part of the sunnner? AVhat places 
were captured ? A\'liat did Montgomery next do ? Describe the assault 
on <7uel)cc, and the resnll. What took place in the spring? 

('liai>t<M- X\I. — 1. A\hat (lid Wasliingtnn d,,? What was his 
next step? AA'hat advantage wa> thus gained? What was doiu' by Gen- 
eral Howe ? 

2. Describe the attack on Charleston. 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 279 

'^. What was done on tlic Fourth day of July? Wlio wrote tliat paper? 
AVhat was it? How was it received? 

4. Did this Declaration secure the indci>endcnce of the colonies? 
What was necessary ? 

5. Explain why (Jreat Ihitain was obliged to wage war against lier 
American colonies. 

(>. What was done liy < Icneial Howe? Who else arrived in New York? 
What was the number of the combined forces? How did they compare 
with the Americans? What did Washington do? 

7. Wluit was done by the British ? What of tlie battle (jf Long Island ? 
What followed? Where did Washington take position? 

8. What did Howe do? What occurred at White Plains? What of 
Fort Washington ? 

9. \Vhat was Washington conqiellcd to do? What of his army? 
AVhat of Cornwallis? 

10. What was Washington's next step? How large an aiiiiy liad he? 
What is said of Cornwallis? 

11. What is said of those days? Wluit of Congress? Of the army? 
Of Washington ? 

12. What did Washington do? Describe his crossing of the r)elaware. 
When was it? Describe the battle of Trenton. 

Chapter XVII. — 1. What is said of the victory at Trenton ? Xame 
some of the results. What remained to be done? 

2. What did Washington do? What was done three days later? How 
large was his army? W^hat of Cornwallis? 

o. Describe the battle of the Assunpink. 

4. What rendered Washington's situation ci-itical ? Describe the 
strategy he adopted. Describe the battle of Princetcjn. What of the 
portrait of King George in the college buildings? 

•"). WJiut did the victory compel the British to do? How long did they 
remain in New Brunswick? Where did Washington go into winter 
quarters? How did he busy himself? 

6. What of (General Burgoyne? What would have been the result 
of success on his part? What was the prospect? 

7. What of Ticonderoga? Forts Crown Point and Edward? 

8. Describe the battle of Bennington. What of General Gates? 

9. What of Burgoyne? The liattle of liemis Heiglits? Describe 
Burgoyne's surrender. 

10. How had matters gone elsewhere? ^Vhat movement was made by 
General Howe? By \Vashington ? Wlial of the battle of Brandywine? 
What followed? 



280 APPENDIX. 

11. Describe the battle of < Jerniantown. When did the Americans 
witlidraw ? 

12. AVliat did Howe next do? Wliat was done by Washington? 
Where were the British? 

Chapter XVIII.— 1. What is said of the winter of 1777-78? 
Contrast the sitnation of the opposing armies in tiieir Avinter quar- 
ters. 

2. Wliat did the spring bring? What is said of some of the Euro- 
pean nations? Name a couple of excellent foreign officers who assisted 
the Americans? What of Baron Steuben? Who else helped the colo- 
nies ? 

3. What of Benjamin Franklin? What treaty was made by France? 
What did she do? 

4. How was England aflected ? What did she do ? Why was not her 
proposition accepted ? 

5. How long did tlie British army occu^n' I'hiladelphia? Who suc- 
ceeded (ieneral Howe ? What did he do? What of Washington? What 
is said of the heat ? 

6. Describe the battle of Monmouth. What is said of General Charles 
Lee? 

7. What was done by General Sullivan? What of the French fleet? 
\\'hat ])revented a naval battle ? What of Sullivan ? 

8. ^Vhat did p]ngland now do? To what extent did she succeed ? 
Chapter XIX.— 1. What was done by the Britisli ? What of an 

English governor ? 

2. What of D'Estaing? What of the attack? Who were among the 
slain ? What furtlier is said of D'Estaing? 

3. What is said of tlie war during 1779 ? Describe the cajiture of 
Stony Point. How many prisoners were taken? 

4. What is said of the Indians? Where did they conmiit many out- 
rages? Who was sent against them? 

5. What did he do? What is said of this punishment? 

6. What had Great Britain long claimed ? How were we etpiipped to 
tight her? What was done by the Americans ? 

7. What have you to say concerning Paul Jones? What exploit did 
he perform ? 

8. What did he do in 1779 ? By what was he accomjianied ? With 
what did he open battle ? 

9. What did Jones wish ? Describe the opening of this naval battle. 

10. How long did it last? What strange thing was done by the French 
commander of the AU'kuicc? AVhat is the explanation? 

11. Further describe the fight. 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 281 

12. WJiat of the removal to the Serapis? How many of the Americans 
were killed and wounded? What else can you tell concerning Paul 
Jones ? 

Cluipter XX.— 1. What was the most shocking incident of the 
Revolution ? What is said of Arnokl ? What occurred while he was in 
PliiladelpJiia ? 

2. What is said of Arnold's treason ? What did he secure from Wash- 
ington ? What arrangement did he make witli General Clinton? Who 
acted as tlie hearer of lettei's between the two? A\'hat liappened to 
Andre ? 

3. What did he offer to his captors? What did tliey do with him? 
What is said of these paj)ers? What did Arnold do? What was his 
reward ? What further is said of him ? Wliat was Andre's fate ? What 
is said of sympatliy for him ? 

4. What of the war in the Soutli ? Uf Charleston ? Who assumed 
command? What is said of liim? 

5. What of Gates's course in the South? What of Lord Cornwallis? 
What followed ? 

6. W^hat of the partisan fighting in the South ? Name some of the 
partisan leaders. What did they sometimes do ? 

7. What is said of the winter of 1779-80? Illustrate. 

8. When did La Fayette return? What news did he bring? When 
and where did the fleet arrive? What was done by the J>ritish fleet ? Did 
Clinton leave New York ? Why not ? 

Chapter XXI.— 1. What is said of General Greene? What did he 
do? W^hat of his command? What did he accomplish ? 

2. What was done at the Cowpens ? What of Cornwallis ? Of Greene? 
What is said of the race ? 

3. What did Greene think? What of the battle of Guilford Court- 
house? What is said of the American militia ? Tlie regulars? Wliat 
was the result of the battle? 

4. How did Cornwallis save himself? What did Greene then do? 
Who gave him lielp ? With what success did lie meet ? 

5. What had been done by Arnold? What did Cornwallis do? 'What 
were Clinton's orders ? 

6. Was the end near at hand ? Wluit did Cornwallis do? Wliat of 
Washington and Rochambeaii? The French fleet? What was the 
strength of the allies? When was tlie attack opened? 

7. What of the feeling between tiie French and Americans ? When did 
Cornwallis surrender? Describe the scene. 

8. How was the news sent to riiiladeiphia? When did he reach the 
city ? What of the watchmen ? 

20 



282 APPENDIX. 

9. Describe tlie effect produced by the news. Wliat did ('nnjTrcss do ? 
What of the doorlveeper ? 

10. How did the news aflect iMifiland? When was a treaty of peace 
signed? Wliat <lid CJreat Britain aclvnowledge ? 

11. What of Washington? 

Chapter XXII.— 1. Wiiat is said of tlie United States? What of 
tlie field of development? What natinal advantages did the nation 
possess ? 

2. How did the Revolntion leave the United States? Illustrate. What 
had been done by the enemy ? 

3. When is generally the most trying crisis in the histcn-y of a nation? 
What of the victory at Yorktown ? Of King George III.? What of 
Charleston, New York, and Savannaii? 

4. What other peril threatened the country? Why? What did the 
soldiers do? What ofier was made to Washington? How did he receive 
it ? What did he do ? 

5. What new danger manifested itself? Illustrate. What is said of 
the States ? 

6. What was the only remedy ? What was done ? When was the 
jiresent Constitution adopted? What was necessary to make it effective? 
How many promptly did so? Wlien did it go into effect? When was it 
accepted by New York ? By North Carolina ? By Rliode Island ? 

7. What is said of the States? What remained to be done? Toward 
whom did all eyes turn ? 

8. Where had Washington been living? What w:is his wish ? Why 
did he not do so ? How was he chosen President ? ^Vllo became Vice- 
President ? 

9. What of Washington's journey from liis home to New York? How 
was he welcomed in Philadelphia? Describe his reception at Trenton. 
AVhy did lie go to New York to be inaugurated? 

10. When was he inangtn-ated ? Where did the ceremony take place? 
What is said of it and of liim ? 

11. Compare the nation one hundred years ago with the nation of to- 
day. What of the population ? Of the country to the westward? 

12. What of the new administration? What of money and credit? 
Of the Indians? Of Spain? Of our conuuerce in tlie Mediterranean? 
What kind of men had we at the iiead of the goverinnent? What of 
Washington ? 

13. What were the views of a IVdcralist ? Of a Rei)ublican, or 
Democrat ? 

14. What of Alexander Hamilton? What did Congress do? How 
were funds secured? What were established? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 283 

15. Are taxes popular? Ivclale what you know aI)out "tlie Whiskey 
Insurrection." 

16. When did Congress remove to Philadeipiiia? How long did that 
city remain the national capilai? ^Vhat then became the capital? 
When and l)y wlioni was it laid out? What of Washington and Adams? 

17. What of tiie Indians on the frontier? What did they do? Who 
was sent against them? When was a great battle fought? What fol- 
lowed ? 

18. What (rcaly was made in ITOo? A\'hat other treaty was made? 
What did it do? 

10. Why did the Americans feel friendly toward France? AVhat did 
they wish to do? What of AVashington ? Of the French minister? 
What did Wasliington do? 

•JO. \Vlien did A'ci'inont become a Stale? Kentucky? Tennessee? 
How many States then coniposed the Union? W^iat constituted tlie 
North-western Territory ? A\' hen was the first census taken ? W^hat did 
it siiow ? 

CliapttT XXIII. — 1. Who was elected second President? P)y what 
party and over whom ? Who became Vice-President? Why ? 

2. With what was Adams's administration chiefly concerned ? How 
was our nunister used? 

I). What did President Adams do? IIow were our envoys treated? 

4. What did our envoys do ? A\'hat was done liv our country ? AVIiat 
laws w'ere passed? What did tlie Alien Laws allow? What did the 
Sedition Laws authorize? 

T). How near did we come to a war with ]<"rance ? How was it prevented ? 
When and where did Washington die? 

6. What resulted from the trouble with France? What of the Alien 
and Sedition Laws? How did the feeling manifest itself? What Pres- 
ident, after Adams, was elected by the Federalist party? Who became 
President? Who Vice-President? 

Cliaptor XXIV.— W'hat is said of Aaron Purr? AVhat of him 
and Llamilton ? What further of Burr? 

2. In what manner did we acquire Louisiana? A\'ha( of the bashaw 
of Tripoli? What did he do? AVhen ? 

P>. AVbat <lid he soon learn? Tsame some of our naval heroes in the 
war with Tripoli. What was done? AVhat followed? 

1. What took place in May, 1S04? Tell what this expedition did. 
How long was it absent? 

T). What memorable event took place in 1S07? Name the boat, and 
describe the voyage she made. AVbo invented her? AVhat is said of 
this voyage? 



284 APPENDIX. 

6. Wluit of England iiiul France ? Of Bonaparte ? What was done by 
England? By Nai)oleon '.' How was the United States affected? 

7. What was the most exasperating indignity siiHered liyns? What 
was tlie so-called right of search ? What often took phue ? What of the 
protests ? 

«S. Describe the contest I)et\veen the Lropard and tlie C/icxdprdkc. 

9. How did the news of this occurrence attect our country? How was 
Captain Barron regarded by many? What of him and Uccatin? 

10. What was done by President Jefierson ? WIio was sent to Eng- 
land? What followed? 

11. When was the Embargo Act passed? What did it do? What was 
believed? What was the result? How was it regardeil by our own citi- 
zens ? What followed ? 

12. Who was elected President and Vice-President in 1808? 

C'liapter XXV. — 1. What increased the resentment of the Amer- 
icans against England ? Why? What of TecumseJi ? Of the battle of 
Tippecanoe? Did Tecumseh take part? 

2. What of England? Describe the afliiir between the Little Belt and 
the President. 

3. When was war declared? Was it po])nlar in all parts of the coun- 
try ? What of Boston ? 

4. What was one of the first steps derided upon? How did matters 
go? What of Fort Mackinaw? What disgraceful deed was done by 
Hidl? What further is said of him? Wliat alone saved him? When 
did the surrender take place? 

5. Describe the second attempt to invade Canada. How did the New 
York militia behave? What followed? What was the loss of the Amer- 
icans? What of (Jeneral Van Rensselaer? 

ti. What record was made by the army during tlie first year of the war? 
How was it with the navy? 

7. Was Great Britain prepared for the war? Why? How large was 
her navy? How many war-vessels were on the American coast ? How 
many sailors manned her navy? 

8. What constituted the American navy? What decision was the gov- 
ernment al)out to make? Who persuaded the authorities to change their 
minds? 

11. AVhat is said of the commander of the President? Describe his 
liattle witli the Ilclriderr. Wliat misfortune befel the President? 

10. When did the battle take place between the Constitutio)i and 
Gucrriere? Where did it occur? Describe it. Who commanded the 
Constitution ? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 285 

n. What exploit was performed by Commodore Decatur? What of 
his battle with the Macedonian f 

12. Describe the conflict between the Con>i(ltu(ion^ and the ./«('«. What 
were the respective losses? 

13. AVhat naval battle took place in October? Describe it. Compare 
the loss of each ship. What of the Pokliers? 

14. What took place in the autumn of 1812? Who were elected Pres- 
ident and Vice-President? Of what was this an endorsement? How was 
the country aflectcd by the naval victories ? 

Chapter XXV^I. — 1. How was the army of the United i^tates now 
organized? Who commanded the Army of the North, and where was he 
to operate? The army of the Centre? The Army of the West? 

2. What of the Armies of the Centre and North? Describe the 
attack on York or Toronto. What befel General Pike? What was 
done by General Dearborn ? 

3. Wlio succeeded Dearborn ? Wliat did he do ? Why was the expe- 
dition abandoned ? W^hat further is said ? 

4. What hap])encd at Frenchtown? At Fort Meigs? At Fort 
Stephenson ? 

5. Where were our chief successes during tlie second year of tlie war? 
Describe the conflict between the Hornet and Peaenek. 

6. What challenge was made by the P>ritish conuiiander of the 
Shannon f Why was its acceptance foolish on tlie part of Lawrence? 
Describe the battle. 

7. What misfortune befell Decatur? Whom did he blame for his 
failure to escape? What name was given to the Federal party l)y its 
opponents? 

8. What was gained September 10, 181o? What have you to say 
al)OUt Captain Oliver Hazard Perry? M'hat did lie cdinmaiid ? \\'liat 
did he set out to find ? 

9. Where was the liattle fought? What took jilace shortly after the 
opening of the battle? Relate what was done liy Perry. 

10. What did he do on reaching the Xiar/ara? Describe the vic- 
tory. 

11. What motto did he display upon opening tlie battle? What words 
did he use in sending the news to General Harrison ? 

12. If the British had won, what would have been done? What did 
Harrison do? Where did he overtake the enemy? What followed? 
WHiat of Tecumseh? Of Proctor? 

13. What is said of this victory? What trouble occurred in the 
South? Who caused the trouble? What took place at Fort Minims? 

Chapter XXVII.— 1. What of the Creeks ? Of General Jackson ? 



286 APPENDIX. 

Tell what you know of the battle of Horseshoe Bend. What further is 
said of the Creeks? 

2. Who made the last invasion of Canada? Describe the battle at 
Cliippewa. Of Lnndy's Lane. What was the relative strength of the 
armies ? The losses ? 

3. What of the Americans? Cienerals Scott and Brown? What 
further of General Brown ? 

4. What of General Brown's need of reinforcements ? What force 
marched against Plattsburg ? What of the British fleet ? What was the 
relative strength of the fleets ? 

5. Describe the naval battle. What followed? 

6. What of the British invasion by Chesapeake Bay? What was 
done in August, 1814? What followed? What of the "Star-Spangled 
Banner " ? 

7. How was the country afl'ected ? What do you know of the Hartford 
Convention ? 

8. What attempt was made to capture New Orleans? Who com- 
manded the Americans? Describe the battle. Wlien did it take 
])lace? What was notable about this victory? When and where was 
the treaty of peace signed ? Why was the news so long in reaching this 
country ? 

9. What is said of the treaty of Ghent? Prove the truth of this 
statement. What of the quarrel? Of the people? 

10. Was the war costly ? To what extent ? What of business ? What 
change took place ? 

11. What of our finances? What was done by Congress? What 
followed? What was the result? 

12. What trouble occurred with Algiers? Who were sent to bring the 
ruler to terms ? How well did they succeed ? 

18. How was the Federal party afti?cted by the war? How was this 
shown in the Presidential election? Whom did the Democrats elect 
President?. Wluit is noteworthy concerning our first five Presidents? 

Chapter XXVIII.— 1. What succeeded the War of 1812? What 
attempts were made at the close of the Revolution ? What prevented 
success ? What was done during Monroe's administration ? Explain what 
is meant by protection and free trade. What is said of it ? 

2. What of the Seminoles? What was done by General Jackson? 
Wliat followed? In what manner did we acquire Florida? Who was its 
first governor? How did he rule? 

8. What dispute arose in Congress? In what manner was Missouri 
admitted? What w:is the "Missouri Comi)romise " ? 

4. What is said of South America? What of tlie various provinces? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF (7L ASSES. 287 

Of the United States? What did Henry Clay urge? Was this done? 
When ? Explain the Monroe Doctrine. 

5. Wliat pleasing incident occurred during Monroe's administration? 
What is said of him? Where and when did he land in this country? 
What can you relate concerning his tour? What took place in Boston? 
W'hat of the Binndijwincf What present was made to La Fayette by 
Congress ? 

6. What took place? How many Presidential candidates appeared 
in 1820? What of the Republican party? The opposition? What 
did the Whigs favor? What of the Democrats? How did the na- 
tional election result ? Who were chosen President and Vice-Pres- 
ident ? 

Chapter XXIX. — 1. What is said of our prosperity? W^hen did 
Ohio become a State? Louisiana? Indiana? Mississippi? Illinois? 
Alabama? Maine? Missouri? How long an interval then passed before 
the admission of another State? 

2. What is said of immigration? Of the Mississippi Valley? Tlie 
defeat of the Creeks? Of the territory east of the Mississippi? Of the 
territory west? 

8. What two striking events occurred on the Fourth of July, 1826 ? 

4. Wliat (|uestion was a stirring one during Adams's administration ? 
Why was the South opposed to a tariff'? Why did the East favor it? 

5. When was the Erie Canal opened ? What is said of this canal ? 
WHiat does it connect? What followed its opening? 

6. When was the first railway in this country completed? What was 
the motive-power of the cars ? When was the first steam locomotive used? 
How many miles of railway were in operation in 1830? How many are 
in operation to-day ? 

7. W'hat is said of John Quiucy Adams's administration? By whom 
was he defeated in 1828 ? Who became Vice-President? 

Chapter XXX. — 1. Describe the character of President Jackson. 
In what doctrine did he believe? What did he do ? 

2. To what was Jackson opposed ? What course did he take to destroy 
the bank? What else did he do? What occurred in 1832 ? What was 
the result? 

3. What f)f the political ])arties? ^VIlat act was passed by Congress 
in 1832? What course did South Carolina take? What did she de- 
clare? 

4. How did President Jackson act? What steps did he take? What 
did he vow? What was done by Callioun? 

.5. What did Henry Clay secure? What of the threatened disruption 
of the Union? 



288 APPENDIX. 

6. What of the Indians? The Sacs and Foxes? Black TFawk? What 
trouble occurred with the Seminoles? What of Osceola? 

7. Describe the massacre of IMajor Dade and liis ineu. Oive the fur- 
ther history of Osceola; of the Seminole War? 

8. When did Ex-President Monroe die? Ex-President INIadison? 
What further is said of Madison? 

9. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 18o()? When did 
Arkansas become a State? Michigan ? 

Chapter XXXI. — 1. What is said of the result of tlie violent 
financial steps taken by President Jackson ? What of business and 
speculation ? What was done with the surplus in the United States 
Treasury ? 

2. Describe the consequences. Wliat of the failures in New York 
and New Orleans? AVhat followed? When did an improvement mani- 
fest itself? 

3. What can you relate concerning the " I'atriot War" in Canada? 
What overt act was committed by New York citizens? What followed? 

4. What did the President do ? What of General Wool ? Of the 
rebellion ? 

5. What is said of the Seminole War? 

6. How does ^'an Buren's administration compare with others? For 
what was it blamed? What was the consequence? Who became Vice- 
President? How long had the Democratic party been in power? 

Chapter XXXII.— 1. When did President Harrison die? Wlio 
succeeded him? What is said of him? 

2. State how tlie President acted regarding the United States Bank. 
What followed? 

3. What dispute liad existed for a number of years? When and liow 
was it settled ? 

4. How was Ehode Island governed down to 1842? What did tliis 
make necessary? When was a new Constitution adopted? Whom did 
the Snfi'rage party elect governor? Who was r-hosen by the other party? 
What followed ? How was the trouble settled ? 

5. Who was Stephen Van Rensselaer? When did he die? Explain 
who the "patroons" were. 

G. How did Van Rensselaer stave oil' trouble? How much was due 
his estate at his deatli ? What did his heirs attempt to do ? Describe 
what followed. 

7. Who settled at Nauvoo, 111., in 1840? Wliat did they do? Wliat 
did the people do? Wliere did the Mormons finally settle? 

8. Of what was Texas formerly a part? What took jjlace in 1836? 
What followed? What did she do in 1844? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES 289 

9. Wliat did the question cause in Congress? Why did the North 
oppose the admission of Texas? Why did the South favor it? When 
was a joint resolution for its admission passed ? Wliat other bills were 
passed ? 

10. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1844? How 
was the news sent from Baltimore to Washington ? Was this the first 
public telegram? Who invented the magnetic telegraph? Who is 
generally given the credit? What did he do? 

Chapter XXXIII.— 1. AVhat did the Texan Legislature do on the 
4th of July, 184o? What request was made of the President of the 
United States? In what manner did he comply? 

2. What was done by General Taylor? What of (General Arista? 
"What occurred A]n-il 'Jlitii ? Where was blood first slied in tlie Mexican 
War ? 

3. What was General Taylor's next step? What took place on his 
return ? 

4. Describe the battle of Eesaca de la Palma. What of the j\Iexi- 
cans ? 

T). What was planned by (Jeneral Scott? What duty was assigned to 
General Kearney? To General Taylor? What duty was assumed by 
General Scott? What was General Wool directed to do? 

6. Describe General Taylor's movements. Against what place did he 
next march ? How many men composed the garrison ? 

7. When was Monterey invested ? What was done two days later ? On 
the 2.3d? What followed? Describe the capture of the town. 

8. What of General Scott? Of Santa Anna? Where did Taylor take 
position ? Describe the battle. 

9. When did dleneral Kearney leave Fort Leavenworth ? ^Vhat befell 
Saiita Fe? What did Kearney learn while marching toward California? 
What followed? 

10. What did General Scott begin? What was his force, and where 
did he land ? Describe the capture of Vera Cruz. 

n. Toward what city did General Scott now marcli ? What took 
place at Cerro Gordo? What of Santa Anna? When was the battle of 
Cerro Gordo fought? What of Jalapa? The castle of Perote? 

12. What is said of Pueblo? Where did the army arrive August 
10th? How near was it, when at Ayotla, to the capital? What move- 
ment was made? How near did this take the army to the city of 
Mexico ? 

]:*>. When was Coutreras stormed? What of San Antonio? Of 
Churubusco? ()f Santa Anna? 

14. What of hostilities? The western defenses ? Chai)ultepec? 



290 APPENDIX. 

15. What was done In- Santa Anna ? What took place the next 
morning? 

16. Wlien and where was a treaty of peace conchided ? Wliat terri- 
tory did we gain ? To what did the I'nited States bind itself? 

17. What is said of Oregon ? How was the dispute settled ? 

18. Tell when and how gold was discovered in California. What did 
investigation prove ? What followed ? What amount of gold was re- 
ceived by our mint up to June oOth, 1861 ? Since that date? 

19. What two ex-Presidents died during Polk's administration ? W^here 
and when did that of Jackson occur? Of John Quincy Adams? What 
of Wisconsin ? 

20. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1848? Wliom 
did they defeat ? 

Chapter XXXIV.— 1. When did President Taylor die? AVho 
succeeded him? What of the question of slavery? What occurred 
when California applied for admission into the Union? What caused 
the dispute? What had the people of California done? 

2. Who saved the Union? What did his "Omnibus Bill" provide 
regarding California? Kegarding the Great Basin of the Rocky Moun- 
tains? Regarding New Mexico? Regarding Texas? Regarding the 
slave-trade in the District of Columbia? Regarding fugitive slaves? 

3. What is said of the Fugitive-Slave Law ? What of Daniel Web- 
ster's support of the measure? 

4. What have you to say respecting Cuba? Who went thither and 
for what purpose? What was done by General Lopez? W^hat was the 
result ? 

5. W^ho were elected President and Vice-President in 1852? Who 
were defeated ? 

Chapter XXXY. — 1. Wliat was the most notable event of Pierce's 
administration ? What bill was introduced by Stephen A. Douglas? What 
did it do with the question of slavery? What of the measure? When 
did it become a law ? 

2. What is said of Nebraska? Of Kansas? What was done by the 
pro-slavery and anti-slavery men? What further is said? 

3. What else was done in 1854? What were the provisions ttf the 
new ti-eaty ? 

4. What was done by General William Walker in 1853? What did 
he do in tlie following spring? What followed? Wliat was his career 
in Nicaragua? (iive an account of his tliird invasion of Central 
America. 

5. When was the present Republican party furmed ? What was its 
foundation principle? What became of the Whig party ? Of the Demo- 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 291 

cratic party ? Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1856 ? 
Wlio were defeated? 

Cliai>ter XXXVI.—]. What is said of tlie bitter feelina- hetween 
the North and Soutii ? ( )f the <[uestion oi" shivery ? ( !f the t'(inii>r(>niises 
in Congress '.■" 

2. What (if the conllict in Kansas? Wliat decision was rendered hy 
the Supreme Court of the United States in March, 1857? What did it 
declare ? How was this decision regarded in the South and the North ? 
What took place in the North ? What of the " Personal-Liberty " bills? 

3. Who was John Brown ? What did he do'? What followed? Who 
captured Brown? What was his fate? How did his raid atlect the 
South ? 

4. When was the first Atlantic cable laid? How long did it work? 
When was success attained? What of other cables? 

5. What took place in Kansas? AVhat of the breach between the 
North and South? What of the Democratic party? Who were the 
respective nominees of tlie two sections of it? What were their prin- 
ciples? Whom did the Republicans nominate and elect? 

6. Did the South await President Lincoln's inauguration before seced- 
ing? When did South Carolina withdraw from the Union? What other 
States followed? What did their delegates do? Who were chosen Pres- 
ident and Vice-President? Describe the Confederate Hag. When and 
where was it unfurled ? 

7. What was done by the Confederate authorities? What of President 
Buchanan? Of his ( abinet ? Illustrate. 

8. Whither were the eyes of the nation turned? Wliiit liad been done 
by Major Anderson ? How did the South Carolinians regard this move- 
ment ? What did they do ? State what befell the Star of the West. 

Cliapter XXXVII. — 2. By what provinces was Vermont claimed? 
Wliat of the inhaliitants? W^hen did it come into the Union ? What does 
its name signify? 

3. Which was the fifteenth State admitted? When did this take place? 
Why was it called the " dark and bloody groimd " ? Where, when, and 
by whom was it first settled? Of what did Kentucky originally form a 
part? Whom did its inhabitants resemble? 

4. What of Tennessee ? Where was the first settlement made? What 
took place in 1790? AVhen was it admitted into the Union ? 

5. Whatof ( hio? Of what was it the first? AVhat did the North- 
western Territory include? Where and when was the first settlement 
made? AVhen was it admitted into the T'nion? 

(i. Wliat of Louisiana? When was it adinitttd intd tiie Union? Of 
how many States did the American I'nion consist din-ing the War of 



292 APPENDIX. 

1812 ? Where was the first settlement made in Louisiana ? When was 
New Orleans founded ? 

7. What of Indiana ? Of what was it the second ? What retarded its 
growth ? What took place after the Indian troubles were ended '/ 

8. What of Mississippi '! What took place in 1728 ? What continued ? 
^^'ilen was it admitted into the Union? 

9. What of Illinois'? What of the Indians? Of the i>rcsent city of 
Chicago? Of the prosperity of the State since 1S5U? 

10. What of Alabama? Where was it first settled? When was Mobile 
founded? When was it admitted into the Union? 

11. What of Maine? When was it admitted into the Union? 

12. What of Missouri? Wlien was St. Louis settled ? When incor- 
l)oratcd ? What was caused by the application of Missouri to become a 
State? What Avas the question? llow was it settled? AVhen did Mis- 
souri become a State? 

13. What of Arkansas? When was it organized into a Territory? 
When did it become a State ? 

14. What of Michigan? When was Detroit settled? When was 
Michigan organized into a Territory? When did it become a State? 

15. AVhat of Florida? AVhen were the Territories of East and West 
Florida organized? When did Florida become a State? 

1(1. Wliat of Texas ? What of its early days? When did American 
emigration set thither? When did it declare, and when did it gain, its 
independence? What did it become? When did it become a State? 
What did this bring about? 

17. What of Iowa? When was it organized as a Territory ? Wlien 
did it become a State? 

18. What of Wisconsin? When was (Jreen Ray settled? When did it 
become a Territory ? When was it admitted into the Union ? 

19. What of California? When was a mission established at San 
Francisco ? When was the power of the Fianciscan monks overthrown ? 
What of American immigrants? What took place in 1846? What was 
included in l^inier California when ceded to us? When did it become a 
State ? 

20. What of Minnesota? When was Fort Snelling established? St. 
Paul? When did Minnesota become a State? 

2L What of (h-egon ? What did the Lewis and Clark expedition do? 
What was soon established? \\\\x\{ did Oregon embrace wlien organized 
into a Territory in 1848 ? When did it become a State? 

22. What of Kansas? What of its civil war? When did Kansas 
l)ecome a State? 

Chapter XXXVIII.— 1. What had careful observei-s .seen for 



QUESTIONS FOB THE USE OF CLASSES. 293 

j'ears? ^Vliat of tiie various compromises in Congress? Wliat of 
slaver}- ? 

2. How did the South regard the election of a Kepublican Pres- 
ident? Wliat did their leaders l)eiieve? What did they consider the 
Union ? 

3. Had the South any sympathizers in the Nortii? ^\'ere there many 
Union men in the South ? Illustrate. 

4. In what were these men believers ? What did they do wlien their 
respective States seceded? What do you know of tlie '" Peace Conven- 
tion" held in Washington? What other body met on tlie same day? 

5. When was President Lincoln inaugurated? Describe the pro- 
ceedings. 

6. What was done by General Beauregard? Describe the bondjard- 
ment and surrender. 

7. What is said of the capture of Fort Sumter? How did it ;dii'ct the 
North and South ? Illustrate. 

8. What was done by Virginia troops ? What of Eichniond ? 

9. What city was threatened ? Tell a!)out the attack on the Massa- 
chusetts troops in Baltimore. 

10. What of Arlington Heights and Alexandria? Fortress Monroe ? 
Describe the affair at Big Bethel. 

11. What was done by General McDowell? Where were the Con- 
federates encountered ? AVith whom was the advantage at first ? ^Vhat 
turned the tide? What followed? 

12. What did the Union disaster at Bull Run show the North ? What 
of the South? What was done by Congress? Who was ajuiointcd com- 
mander of the Army of the Potomac? 

13. To what did General McClellan devote his energies? Describe the 
disaster of Ball's Blufl'. What was the Union loss? Who was among the 
slain ? 

14. What progress was made in the East by the Unionists in 1861? 
What did General Lyon do in Missouri? What was the result? What 
of Colonel ^Mulligan ? What did General Fremont do? Who superseded 
him? What did he do? Who superseded Hunter ? AVliat was accom- 
plished by (ieneral Halleck? 

15. What was done in August? In November? What movement was 
made by General U. S. ( ii'ant ? W'liat followed ? 

16. What favor was shown the Confederacy by France nnd England? 
Who were sent as commissioners to those countries? Ivelate the par- 
ticulars of the Trriit, affiur. How was a war with England averted? 

(!liai»ter XXXIX. — 1. Compare the success of the Federals and 
Confederates at the beginning of the war. What of tlie South ? Her 



294 APPENDIX. 

soldiers and generals? The Union sentiment? AVhat fuither of the 
Southerners ? 

2. What of the fighting of 18(11 ? JI((\v was it to he prosecuted hence- 
forth ? 

3. What were necessary to conquer the Confederates? Name some- 
thing that must be accomplished. Why? What would the opening of 
the Mississippi do? 

4. Name another necessary step. What was in tiiat city? What would 
its capture be ? 

r). Name a third necessary step. W'hat would this prevent? What 
of minor movements? To what were they meant to contribute? 

(). What did the Confederates hold in the South-west? What 
would follow the breaking of the centre? What advance was now 
made ? 

7. What took place February (Itii ? What of the garrison? What 
followed? Describe the attack. 

8. What of the fleet? What did the Confederates attempt? What 
followed ? 

9. Wliat is said of this victory? Of General Grant? What was 
now done by the Confederates ? Describe it. What is said of this new 
line? 

10. AVliat took place three days after the fall of Fort Donelson? 
Who were elected President and V ice-President ? When were they 
inaugurated? 

1 1. What did the Union army do? Who was put in command ? What 
did the Confederates decide to do? 

12. When did the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, begin? What 
of Albert Sidney Johnston ? What of Grant? What followed? What 
■was done during the night? What of the next day? What is said of 
this battle? What was the Union loss? The Confederate? Who was 
killed on the latter side ? 

13. With whom was the advantage? What did they capture? What 
of Beauregard? Of General Ilalleek? What was done by these respec- 
tive generals ? 

14. Describe the capture of Island No. 10. AVhon did it surrender? 
1.'). What was done May 10th ? What was the result ? What did this 

give to the Federals ? What line did they hold ? 

IC). Wiiat movement was made by General P)ragg? By General 
Buell? Who won? What did Buell do? What foU.nved? What of 
Buell's management of the cam[)aign? 

17. What had been done previous to this? What of Price and Van 
Dorn? What purpose did Grant form? What failure did Kosecrans 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 295 

make? Wliat followed? What did the two Confederate leaders do? 
What is said of this assault? 

18. What was done later in the year? Where did the armies meet? 
When did the battle open? How did the first day end ? Who saved 
the Union army? What of the second day? Of tlie third day? What 
was the result ? What is said of tliis battle f 

19. What did (irant attempt to do? What was his plan? What 
ruined the scheme? Describe the movement of Sherman. 

20. Wliat was done with the Merrimac when the Norfolk navy-yard 
was burned? What Avas afterward done with her? Describe her arma- 
ment. What did she do March 8th ? Tell what was done by the Congress 
and Cumberland. 

21. Describe the rest of the fight between the 3Terrimac and Cumber- 
land. What was the loss of the Cumberland? What then of the Merrimac 
and Congress? 

22. What did the Merrimac next do? What was the feeling in Rich- 
mond and Washington and the North ? What impoi'tant arrival took 
place that night ? Who invented her? Describe the Monitor. How long 
had she been on the way from New York? What did she hear when off 
Cape Henry ? 

23. What surprise awaited the Merrlinuc? Describe lier fight with the 
Mon il(ir. 

24. What is said of this battle? What did it end and usher in? What 
of the future navies of the world? 

25. What naval expedition had gone out in February ? What was the 
result ? 

26. Who were sent to capture New Orleans? Describe tlie battle. 
When did the city surrender? 

27. What movement was made by the Army of the Potomac in April? 
How did it begin the campaign against Richmond? Who checked (Jcn- 
eral McClellan ? What did he do ? What followed ? 

28. Who commanded the Confederates? Describe the battle of Wil- 
liamsburg. What was done by McClellan ? What took place in Rich- 
mond? What checked McClellan? Who was also endangered? 

29. What was done by Fitz John Porter ? What of McClellan's hopes? 
How did Johnston prevent the junction? 

30. Relate how .Jackson gained the name of "Stonewall." What 
further is said of him? How did be perl'orni tlie duty now assigned to 
him? Tell what he did. 

31. What did the peril of Washington cause the President to do? Who 
were ordered to capture Jackson? How did they succeed? What did 
Jackson do? 



296 APPENDIX. 

."2. What was done in tiie mean time by McClellan ? \Vhat did a rain- 
storm prevent? What movement was made by Johnston? Whiit was 
done by iSumner? What liapiiened to Johnston? Wliat took plaee tlie 
following day? 

33. Who assnmed command of the Confederate army? Did he con- 
tinue retreating? Describe Stuart's cavalry raid. 

34. What was McClellan still doing? How near did Hooker's pickets 
approach to the Confedei-ate capital ? What news reached McClellan at 
this juncture? What did he decide to do? 

35. What attaclv was made by Lee? What was the result? What 
of Cxaines' Mills? "What eflbrt was made by Lee? What of Savage's 
Station ? 

86. Wliat took place at Fraser's Farm ? Where did the Federals 
gather? What followed Lee's assault? Whither did the Federals 
withdraw ? 

37. What is said of the first campaign against Kichmond? What 
was the effect in the North ? What was done by President Lincoln ? 

38. What did Lee continue? What of General Pope? What orders 
were given to McClellan ? What did Lee determine to do ? 

39. Describe Lee's course. Describe Pope's. What followed? 

40. What did Lee next do? What of McClellan ? What occurred at 
South Mountain ? What did Lee do ? Where was a severe battle fought ? 
Wliat was the result ? 

4L Who succeeded McClellan in the connnand of the Armv of the 
Potomac? What is said of him? How did he compare in ability with 
Lee? Describe liis attack on Fredericksburg. What was the Union loss? 
What prevented a renewal of the assault on the morrow ? 

42. What is said of the fighting in New Mexico ? Describe the engage- 
ment at Valverde. 

43. What was done by tlie Sioux Indians in Minnesota? Wlio defeated 
them ? How were they punished ? 

Chapter XL. — 1. What can you tell about tlie Emancipation 
Proclamation? What battle was in progress when the new year opened? 
How long did Rosecrans remain idle? AVhat movement did he then 
make? What did Bragg do ? What followed ? AVhere did a battle take 
place ? 

2. What of Longstreet? Of the fighting September 19th? Of the 
fighting the second day ? 

3. What threatened the Federals? What averted such disaster? How 
long did he hold his ground ? What did lie do at niglit? 

4. With whom rested the victory ? What step was taken by () rant? 
What of Chattanooga? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 207 

5. Relate what was done by Grant. What did Tlionias do on the 23d 
of November? Describe the "battle above the cknids." 

6. What took place the next morning? What attacks were made by 
the Federals? What was done to repel tiiese attacks? What did (irant 
do? Describe the charge. 

7. How was Grant afiected? Describe the victory of Chattanooga? 

8. What was the effect of this triumi)ii ? 

9. Wiiitiier had Burnside been .sent? Wiiat of his work there? 
Wiiat did Longstreet do? Wliat occurred November 2yth ? \Vhat 
followed? 

10. What change did Grant make in his siege of Vicksburg? What 
of the gunboats ? 

11. Describe Grant's movement against Pemberlon ; against Johnston. 
What did Grant accomplish by this strategy? 

12. Describe the capture of Vicksburg. What of I'ort Hudson? What 
great object was now accomplislied ? 

18. What attempt was made against Charleston? Witii what irsult? 
What was done by General Giilmore ? 

14. What of the Confederate privateers? ^Vhat of the Alabama f 
When and from what i)oint did she sail ? How long was she engaged in 
destroying Northern shipping? 

15. When did the Confederates recapture Galveston? Relate the 
incidents. What followed ? 

16. Who superseded Burnside in the command of the Army of the 
Potomac? When? What induced Hooker to attack Lee? 

17. Describe the Federal advance. WIuU did Lee do on discovering 
this movement ? Describe the work of Jackson. What w'as Hooker 
forced to do? What of Lee's movement against Sedgwick? against 
Hooker? What of the campaign against Ricimiond ? What great loss 
did the South suffer? 

18. What did Lee now determine to do? Describe his advance. AVliat 
of General Meade? Why did Lee threaten Baltimore? 

19. What occurred July 1st ? What is said of the battle of Gettysburg? 
What of the issues at stake? The armies and their leaders ? 

20. What took place on the first day? At night? 

21. What of the fighting on the second day? What successes were 
gained by the Confederates ? Describe Longstreet's movements ; Ewell's 
movements. 

22. Describe the great artillery duel. 

23. Describe Pickett's advance. 

24. What further is said of the Confederate charge? 

25. Describe the rejjulse. 
21 



298 APPENDIX. 

26. How many ('(iiifoderate soldiers were lost in the charge? AVhat 
of the hrigado commanders? of the field officers? of the regimental 
officers? 

'27. How many were killed, wounded, and captured in the battle ? Why 
was Lee not pursued ? What did he do ? 

2S. What is said of (iettysburg? Of the Confederacy? 

Chapter XLI. — 1. What remained to be done before the House could 
be restored? What is said of the Army of Northern Virginia? Of the 
F'ederal commanders? 

2. What of General Grant? What was the eflect of this promotion? 
What further is said of Grant ? 

3. What of the second, formidable army of the Confederacy ? What 
of Johnston and Sherman ? Describe their mameuvres. What of Kensaw 
Mountain? What was done by Johnston on the lUth of August? What 
occurred shortly after? 

4. AVhat of Hood? What was he tinally forced to do? 

5. What of the conflict? Wliat movement was made by Hood ? What 
did he expect ? AN'hat of Sherman ? 

6. Describe Hood's movements in Tennessee. Relate wluit was done by 
Thomas. What became of Hood's army? 

7. What of Sherman? How great was the distance? Describe his 
march to the sea. Where and when did he reach the coast ? What fol- 
lowed? What was the result? 

8. What took place in May ? Compare the two armies. * 

!t. Where was the first shock of battle ? What is said of the fighting? 
What of the leaders and men? What was the respective losses in sixteen 
days? What befell Cieneral Longstreet? General Stuart? 

10. AVhat did Grant do? How did Lee act ? Describe the repulse at 
Cold Harbor. 

11. What did this repulse cause Grant to do ? What did he do ? AVhat 
did the capture of Petersburg mean ? 

12. AVhat of the attack on Petersburg? AVhat astonished the Federals 
the next morning? AVhat did this mean ? 

l.'>. What was the only way of taking Petersburg? Describe the mine 
explosion. AVhat of the siege at tlie close of the year? 

14. AVhat is said of other military movements? What was their ob- 
ject ? What was (Jeneral Sigel to do? What of liis attempt? AVhat of 
(General Hunter? To what point did he withdraw ? 

15. AVhat movement was made by Butler in May? How was he out- 
witted by Beauregard? AViiat was the result? 

16. What is said of Jubal Early? AVhat of (ieneral AVallace? 
When did he appear before AVashington ? AVhat saved the city ? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 299 

How? "What followed? Wliitlior did lie withdraw ? What of Cham- 
bei-sburg ? 

17. Who now assumed eharge of the Union forces in the Shenandoah 
Valley? What occurred at Winchester? What took place three days 
later? 

IS. What was done by Sheridan? By Early? Where was Sheridan? 
Relate what he did. What further is said? 

19. What was (ieneral Banks ordered to do in the spring of 18(54? By 
w'hoin was he accompanied ? What Avas it to do ? Describe Banks's 
movement. What did he do at Pleasantville? What followed? 

20. Kelate the particulars of Porter's escape. What is said of the Bed 
River expedition ? 

21. What took place despite the stringency of the blockade? What 
was done by the Confederates at Mobile? What did Admiral Farra- 
gttt do ? 

22. What is said of the expedition against Wilmington, N. ('. ? Who 
commanded the land forces? What took [)lace ? What then did Butler 
do? What of Connnodore Porter? Of (Tcneral Terry? 

23. Wliatis said of the Confederate cruisers? What was done by Cap- 
tain Semmes while at Cherbourg? Describe the lighting between the 
Alabama and Kearsarge. 

24. Describe the remainder of the fight. What did Captain Semmes 
do just before his vessel sank ? Who was rescued by the Deerhoundf 

25. What befell the Georgia? The Florida? The Albemarle? 

26. What State was admitted October 1 ? What member of the Union 
did she make? Who were elected President and Vice-President in No- 
vember? Whom did they defeat? 

Chapter XTjII. — 1. What remained to be done? What of the re- 
sistance elsewhere ? What two armies only were left ? 

2. What was done by the Confederate Congress? What was among his 
first acts? What did this include? 

3. What movement was made by Sherman? What did he have? 
What of Savannah ? Toward what point did he march ? AN hat of Colum- 
bia? What followed ? What of Charleston ? 

4. What is said of Johnston ? Where did battles take place ? What 
occurred at (ioldsboro' ? How large then was the Union army? What 
did Sherman do? When did he and (Jrant meet? 

5. N\hat is said of Grant? What took place on the 5th of February? 
How large was Lee's army? How long was his line ? 

6. What was Lee's plan ? How would his forces then compare with 
Grant's? Did Grant intend to allow this function to be made? 

7. What was Lee's next step? What success attended it? 



300 APPENDIX. 

8. What of the 2'Jtli of March? What followed? What did Lee do 
on the 31st? 

9. What did Lee next do? What was done hy the Federals? What 
of Sheridan ? 

10. What took phice April 1st? on the following day? What was the 
resnlt? What is said of Fort Gregg? Deserihe the defence hy the gar- 
rison. 

11. ^Vhat is said of the end? Tell how the news was given to Jefler- 
son Davis. Relate what followed. 

12. What took place April 2d? What followed a few hours later? 
What of the pursuit ? Describe the retreat of the Confederates to Amelia 
Court-lionse. 

13. Relate the misfortune that befell Lee's army at Amelia Court- 
liou.se. 

14. W'hat was done by Lee? What of the council of war? What is 
said of Orant? Describe the surrender. What is said of the Army of 
Noithern Virginia? 

1-5. What event shocked the entire country? Describe the assassina- 
tion. When did President Lincoln die? What was the fate of his 
tissassin ? 

16. When did General Johnston surrender? On what terms? When 
and by whom were the remaining Confederates east of the Mississijipi 
surrendered? AVhat of the naval forces of the Confederacy? What of 
the military leaders west of the Mississippi? 

17. What befell Jefferson Davis? What was done with him ? What 
of the trial? When was he released on bail? What of the prosecu- 
tion ? 

Chapter XLIII.— 1. Describe the grand victory that followed the 
close of the Civil War. 

2. What is said of the Union and Confederate soldiers? Illustrate. 
Wliat of Northern capital? Of the South? 

3. What was the total number of troops furnished the L^nion army dur- 
ing the Civil War? About how many were killed in battle? (Give 
round figures in tiie statistics that follow^ regarding the I'nion army.) 
How many died of wounds? Of disease? What is the total of deaths? 
Of desertions ? 

4. What is a partial statement of the Confederate deaths? What is 
the estimate of those crippled and disal)led by disease ? How many lives, 
therefore, did the Civil War cost ? 

5. W^hen was Vice-President Johnson sworn in as President? Was 
there any disorder ? 

6. How many persons were executed for acts growing out of the Civil 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 301 

War? Give the facts concerning Captain Wirz. Who else were exe- 
cuted ? For what crime? 

7. What two questions were settled by the Civil War? What can you 
tell concerning the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution ? 

8. What was done by President Johnson ? What was done regarding 
the other States ? Wliat did the States do ? What was done on Christmas 
Day, 1868? 

9. What did President Johnson find? What did Congress claim? 
Wliat did they require ? 

10. What did Congress do ? How did the President treat the law ? 
What was then done? What was the object of impeachment? IIow did 
the trial result ? What took place in 1868 ? 

11. What was done by Congress in July, 1866? Who became gen- 
eral of the army ? lieutenant-general ? Admiral of the navy ? vice- 
admiral ? 

12. What Fenian movement was made in the summer of 1866 ? Give 
the particulars. 

13. Tell what you know about the purchase of Alaska. Illustrate its 
size. 

14. What did the Emperor Napoleon of France attempt to do during 
our Civil War ? What warning did he receive ? Whom had he selected 
to be emperor of Mexico? What followed? 

15. Give the jiarticulars of the successful laying of the Atlantic tele- 
graph cable. 

16. Tell what yon know about the death of Ex-President Buchanan. 

17. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1868? Who 
were defeated ? What of Nebraska ? 

Chapter XTjIV. — 1. AVhen was President Grant inaugurated? 
Mention a noteworthy event of his adnunistrntion. Tell what you know 
about it. 

2. What occurred October 8th, 1871? IIow many buildings were 
burned? What was the area of the fire? IIow many people were made 
homeless? How many lost their lives? What practical symjiatbv was 
shown ? 

3. Tell what yon know about the great fire in Boston in 1871. 

4. What of the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution ? What is 
said of the claims against Great Britain because of Confederate privateers? 
How were they settled ? What did lOngland agree to pay? 

o. drive the particulars of tiie settlement of the last boundary dispute 
with Great Britain. 

6. Wlio were elected and di'featt'd in tlie Presidential election of 1872? 
AVhat further is said of Horace Greeley ? 



302 APPENDIX. 

7. What trouble took place with the Modoc Indians ? "What occurred 
April 11, 1873 ? What followed ? 

8. What difficulties arose with tlie Sioux ? What befell General Custer 
and his command? What of (ieneral Reno? What was the loss of the 
Seventh Cavalry ? What followed ? 

9. What is said of 1876? How was it commemorated? What can you 
tell about the buildings erected in f^airmount Park ? What of the main 
building? Who made exhibits ? What was the daily attendance? The 
whole number of visitors ? The total receipts ? Who opened and closed 
the exhibition ? 

10. What of Colorado? What of the Presidential election of 187(3? 
Who were the Republican nominees ? The Democratic ? , How was the 
dispute settled ? What was its decision ? 

Chapter XLV. — 1. What is said of the administration of President 
Hayes? What policy did he pursue? Illustrate. 

2. What labor trouble occurred in the summer of 1877? What 
started it? What is said of the rioting at Pittsburg? Where else did 
disturbances take place? 

3. When were specie payments resumed ? What of silver? What of 
gold? 

4. Relate wliat you know of the fishery dispute with Great Britain. 

5. What is said of General Grant's tour around the world? 

6. Wlio were elected President and Vice-President in 1880? 
Chapter XLVI. — 1. Describe tlie assassination of President Gar- 
field. Who was his assassin ? 

2. Tell what you know of President (iarfield's sufferings and deatli. 

3. Who became President ? What legislation took place regarding 
Chinese immigration ? 

4. What is said of Senator Edmund's l)ill against Mormonism? What 
of the Brooklyn Bridge ? Of the Washington Monmnent ? 

5. Mention some other laws enacted during Arthur's administration. 

6. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1884? Whom 
did they defeat? 

Chapter XLVII. — 1. What is said of Cleveland? Describe the 
provisions of the Presidential-Succession Bill. 

2. What can you tell about the Statue of Liberty ? 

3. Give the particulars of the death of General Grant. 

4. What of Vice-President Hendricks? (icneral McClellan? General 
Hancock? Ex-Vice-President .\rthur? 

5. What is said of strikes and labor disturbances ? Relate what took 
place in Chicago in May, 1886. 

6. What can you tell about the earthquakes in Charleston? How many 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 303 

were killed? and what was the loss? How much of the city had to be 
rebuilt ? 

7. What is said of the troubles with the Apache Indians? ^Vhat of 
the Apaches themselves? Of Geronimo ? What was done with him 
and other leaders ? 

8. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1 S8S ? Who were 
defeated ? 

Chapter XLVIII. — 1. Give a description of the Johnstown 
flood. How many persons were drowned? and how much property 
was destroyed ? 

2. What trouble broke out in 1890? What of Sitting Bull? What 
afterward occurred? What of other conflicts? What of Lieutenant 
Casey ? 

3. What was done by many of the Indians? What caused the excite- 
ment among the Indians? What was done by (ieneral Miles? What 
fear prevailed at one time ? How did the military authorities manage 
matters? What of the hostiles? When did the trouble end? 

4. Relate what you know about the death of Jeflerson Davis. 

5. What of Admiral Porter? General Sherman ? General Johnston? 

6. When were North and South Dakota admitted into the Union ? 
Montana? Washington? Idaho? Wyoming? What is the rule when 
a new State is admitted ? How many stars did our flag have on July 4, 
1891 ? 

7. What was the principal question before the Congress of 1890? 
What legislation took place ? 

8. How must we feel in looking back over the hundred years and more 
of our national existence? Show how the population has increased. 
Illustrate the expansion of our territory. What cities in 1790 had a 
population of ten thousand or upward ? How many such cities have we 
to-day? Canyon name any having as much as a million inhabitants? 
W^hat can you say about the post-offices? Illustrate the reduction that 
has been made in letter postage. Show the improvements made in 
traveling. How much money is spent annually in education? How many 
children attend the schools? 

9. Do the Americans make many inventions? W' hat two important 
ones were made before the Revolution ? . What can you tell about the 
cotton-gin? Name some of the principal American inventions? Do you 
think others are yet to come? 

10. How have we advanced in literature and art? What did the 
Revolution do for us? The War of 1812? The Civil War? What of 
the future? 



304 APPENDIX. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Pkp:a:mble. — State the objects of tlie Constitution. By wlioni was it 
ordained and establislied ? 

Article I., Section 1. — In what l)ody is tlie [lOwer of legishition vested? 
Of what does Congress consist ? 

Section 2. — Of whom is the House of Representatives composed? 
When are they cliosen ? By wliom ? What qualifications must the 
electors possess? What qualifications are necessary in a Representative? 
How are Representatives and direct taxes api)ortioned? How is this de- 
termined? How is the enumeration or census made? \Vhat limit is 
set to the number of Representatives? Can a State be deprived of a Repre- 
sentative? What provision is made for vacancies? How are the speaker 
and other officers of the House chosen ? 

Section 8. — Of what is the Senate composed? How and for what time 
are they chosen ? What was the classification first made ? What was the 
object of this plan? What qualifications must a Senator possess? Who 
is president of the Senate? When only can he vote? How are the 
officers of the Senate elected ? When can the Senate elect a president 
pro tern f What sole power is possessed by the Senate ? When sitting 
for impeachment, on what shall they be ? Who presides when the Pres- 
ident of the United States is tried? AVhat is necessary for conviction? 
How far does judgment extend in cases of impeachment? To wliat is 
the party convicted still liable? 

Section 4. — What body prescribes the times, places, and manner of 
holding elections for Senators and Representatives? To what extent may 
Congress interfere? How often and when shall Congress assemble? What 
exception is made ? 

Section a. — Of what shall each House be the judge? What shall con- 
stitute a quorum for business? What is a smaller number authorized to 
do? What may each House determine? What shall each House do as 
regards its proceedings? ^Vhen shall the yeas and nays on any question 
be entered on the journal? What restricticm is there ujion the time and 
place of adjournment? 

Section 6. — Hoav are the salaries of the members fixed and jiaid ? ^Vhat 
special privileges do they possess? Can a Congressman hold any otlier 
office at the same time ? 

Section 7. — What bills nnist originate in the House of Rejjrcsentatives? 
What power belongs to the Senate regarding such bills ? Explain the 
three methods by which a bill may become a law. What orders, resolu- 
tions, and votes nnist be submitted to the Pii-sident ? 

Section 8. — What i)Ower has Congress regarding taxes, duties, imposts, 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 305 

and excises ? regarding the debts, common defense, and general welfare of 
the United States? What is said of all duties, imposts, and excises? 

What is the power of Congress regarding the borrowing of money? 
Eegnlating commerce? Naturalization? Bankruptcies? Coining money? 
Counterfeiting? Post-offices and post-roads? Authors and inventors? 
Inferior courts? Piracies? Declaring war? Raising and supporting 
armies? A navy ? Government of the land and naval force? Calling 
forth the militia? Organizing the militia? Where does Congress pos- 
sess exclusive legislation ? What power has Congress to enforce its 
authority ? 

Section 9. — What power is denied to Congress concerning the slave 
trade? Writ of habeas corpus ? Bill of attainder ? Ex-post-facto law? 
Direct tax? Exports from any State? Trade l)etween the I'nited States? 
Payments from the treasury? Titles of nobility? United States office- 
holder receiving presents, offices, or titles from a foreign power ? 

Section 10. — What power is denied to every State regarding treaties? 
Letters of marque and reprisal? Coinage of money? Issuing bills of 
credit? Making any otlier l^al tender than gold and silver? A bill of 
attainder? An ex-post-facto law ? The impairing of contracts? Titles 
of nobility? Imposts? Keeping troops? Making peace and engnging 
in war? 

ARTid.y.JJ., Section 1. — In whom is the executive power invested? 
How long do the President and Vice-President hold office? Who are 
the Presidential electors, and how are tliey chosen ? Who are ineligible? 
WHiat may Congress determine? Who only is eligible to the office of 
President? What was the provision for the Presidential succession? 
What is the provision regarding the President's salary ? What is the oath 
or affirmation of office taken by the President? 

Section 2. — What is the President's authority over the United States 
army and navy? The State militia? The princij)al oflicers of the 
executive departments? Reprieves and pardons? Whnt is the Pres- 
ident's power in the making of treaties? Appointment of ambassadors? 
Judges of the Supreme Court and others? What is the President's power 
in tilling vacancies? 

Section 3. — Define the duties of the President as respects Congress, 
ambassadors, United States officers. 

Section 4. — For what crimes and in whiit m:inner mny United States 
officers be removed from office? 

Article III., Section 1. — In what Ixidies is the judicial jiowcr of" the 
United States vested? How long are tluir terms of office? What pro- 
vision is made regarding their salaries ' 

Section 2. — Enumerate the cases in wiiich the judicial power of the 



306 APPENDIX. 

United States extends. In what cases does the Supreme Court possess 
original jurisdiction ? Appelhite jurisdiction? State the law regarding 
trial by jury. 

Section 3. — Define treason. What is necessary to a conviction? Who 
fixes the punishment ? What is the limit ? 

Article IV., Section 1. — Give the law regarding State records and 
judicial proceedings. 

Section 2. — To what is every citizen entitled? Does flight from one 
State to another save a criminal from punishment? 

Section 3. — State the law regarding the admission and formation of new 
States. What i)ower has C'ongress over the territ(ij-y and property of the 
United States? 

Section 4. — What must ( 'ongress guarantee to every State ? To what 
extent must she protect each State? 

Article V. — What two ways are provided for amending the Consti- 
tution ? How may these amendments be ratified ? What restriction 
no longer exists ? How are the smaller States protected ? 

Article VI. — What debts were assumed by the United States on the 
adoption of the Constitutii>n? What constitutes the supreme power of 
the land ? Who must take an oath or affirmation to support the Consti- 
tution of the United States ? What religious test is required ? 

AMENDMENTS. 

Article I. — What provision is made regarding religious freedom? 
Freedom of speech and the press? Peaceable assembling and petition? 

Article II. — What provision is made concerning the right to bear 
arms ? 

Article III. — What is the provision about quartering soldiers upon 
citizens ? 

Article IV. — ^Vhat is the provision about unreasonable searches and 
warrants ? 

Article V. — What are the provisions regarding a trial for capital 
otlences? Can a jierson be tried twice for the same crime? Can he be 
compelled to witness against himself? When can private property be 
taken for public use ? 

Article VI. — What rights are guaranteed to the accused in case of 
criminal prosecution ? 

Article VII. — When is the right of trial by jury guaranteed ? In 
what way must a fact tried by a jury be re-examined? 

Article VI II. — What protection is given against excessive bail and 
unusual punishment ? 



QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES 307 

Article IX. — In wliat manner does the enumeration of certain rights 
in the Constitution affect those not enmnerated? 

Article X. — What powers are reserved to tlie respective Htates? 

[Tlie foregoing ten amendments were proposed in 1789 and adopted 
in 1791. Tliey were passed in answer to the demand of those wlio 
thought tlie Constitution did not sufficiently protect the rights of the 
people.] 

Article XL — Point out the restriction placed on the judicial power 
of the United States. [This amendment was adopted in 1798.] 

Article XII. — Explain the method of choosing the President and 
Vice-President by electors. How is the President elected if the electors 
fail to make a choice? How is he elected by the House? If no Pres- 
ident is elected by March 4th, who would act as President? [Tiiis 
amendment was adopted in 1804.] 

Article XIII. — What was the force of this amendment? [This 
amendment was adopted in 1865.] 

Article XIV., Section 1. — Who are American citizens? How are the 
rights of citizens protected ? [This amendment was adopted in 1868.] 

Section 2. — How are Representatives apportioned among the different 
States ? 

Section 3. — Who are prohibited from holding any office under the 
United States ? 

Section 4. — How is the public debt protected ? What is the provision 
regarding the Confederate war debt? 

Article XV. — What is the provision regarding universal suffrage ? 
[This amendment was adopted in 1870.] 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



860. America visited by the Northmen. 
870. A second settlement formed in Icehind. 
1492. Columbus discovered the new world, Oct. 12. 

1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador. 

1498. The Cabots sailed along the Atlantic coast. Columbus saw South 

America. 

1499. South America discovered by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 

1513. Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
1520. Magellan first circumnavigated the globe. 
1524. Verrazani sailed along the Atlantic coast. 
1528. Narvaez partly explored Florida. 

1535. Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence. 

1539-41. De Soto explored the present States of Georgia, Alabama, and 

Mississippi, and discovered the Mississippi River. 
1562. Ribault established a colony at Port Royal, S. C. 

1564. Laudonniere planted a colony on the St. John's River. 

1565. Menendez founded the first permanent settlement in the United 

States. 
1576. Frobisher entered Baffin Bay in his search for the passage to India. 
1584-87. Raleigh made two attempts to plant a colony in Virginia, and 

failed. 
1605. Champlain and De Monts founded a colony at Port Royal, Nova 

Scotia. 

1607. Jamestown settled. May 13. 

1608. ('hamplain foundeil Quebec. 

1609. Hudson sailed up the Hudson River. 
Second charter granted to Virginia. 

Henry Hudson sailed up the river l)cariiig his name. 

1610. "Starving-time" in Virginia. 

The Dutch began trading along the Hudson. 
308 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 309 

1611. The Dutch explored the coast (Voin the Delaware to beyond Boston. 
1(512. Third charter granted to Virginia. 

1013. First settlement made on Manhattan Island by the Dutch. 
Marriage of Pocahontas. 

1618. Third charter granted to Virginia. 
Death of Pocahontas. 

Dutch erected a trading-post at Bergen, N. J. 

1619. African slavery introduced into America. 
First legislative l)ody convened in America. 

1620. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. 

1622. Indian massacre in Virginia. 

1623. Famine year at Plymouth. 

New Hampshire settled at Dover. 

1624. King James took away the charter of Virginia. 

1626. Peter Minuit became the first Dutch governor of New York. 
1628. Massachusetts Comi)any formed. 
1630. Boston founded. 

1633. Wouter van Twiller becomes governor of New York. 
1633-36. Settlements made in Connecticut. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 

1635. Hartford founded. 

Carolina granted to Lord Clarendon and others. 

1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. 

1637. Annihilation of the Pequods. 

1638. Swedes settled Delaware. 

1643. " United Colonies of New England " formed. 

1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 
New Y'ork surrenders to the English. 

1 646. Peter Stuyvesant becomes governor of New Y^ork. 

1647. Liberal government adopted in Rhode Island. 
1649. "Toleration Act" passed in Maryland. 

1653. New Y'ork retaken by the Dutch. 

1654. New York retaken by the English. 

1655. Capture of the Swedish settlements on the Delaware by the Dutch. 
1660. Navigation Act passed. 

1662. Union of the New Haven and Connecticut colonies. 

1664. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 

1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 

1674. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey. 

1675-76. King Philip's War. 

1676. Bacon's rebellion. 

1682. Pennsylvania settled. 



310 APPENDIX. 

1683. Pliiladelphia laid out. 

1684. Ma.ssacluisetts made a royal i)rovince. 

1686. Arrival of Andres, the first royal governor of New England. 

1687. Andros annuls the Connecticut charter. 

1689. Breaking out of King William's War. 

1690. Invasion of Canada. 

1691. Lord IJaltiniore deprived of his rights. 

1692. Salem Witclioraft. 

I'nion of Plymoutli with Massaclnisetts Bay Colony 
1697. I':nd of King William's War. 
1702. Breaking out of Queen Anne's War. 

New Jersey united with New York. 
1710. Capture of Port Royal, N. S. 
1713. P^nd of Queen Anne's War. 
1715. Rights restored to Lord Baltimore. 
1718. Death of William Penn. 
1729. Surrender of the charter of Carolina to the Crown. 

1732. George Washington l)orn, February 22. 

1733. Cieorgia settled at Savannaii. 

1738. New Jersey becomes a royal province. 

1744. Breaking out of King George's War. 

1745. Capture of Louisburg. 
1748. End of King George's AVar. 

1752. Georgia surrenders her charter to the Crown. 

1754. Breaking out of the French and Indian War. 

1755. Repulse of Braddock. 
Expulsion of the Acadians. 

1758. Capture of Louisburg. 
Capture of Fort Duquesne. 

1759. P]vacuation of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 
Capture of Quebec, September 18. 

1760. Surrender of Montreal. 

1763. End of the French and Indian War, and the termination of French 
rule in America. 

1765. Passage of the Stamp Act, March 8. 

Meeting of Colonial Delegates in New York, October. 

1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act, March 18. 
1768. British troops quartered in the colonies. 
1770. The Boston massacre, March 5. 

Removal of taxes upon all articles except tea, April 12. 

1773. Tlie "Boston Tea-Party," December 16. 

1774. The port of Boston closed, March 31. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 311 

1774. First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, September 5. 

1775. The battle of Lexington, April 19. 

Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, May 10. 

Capture of Ticonderoga, May 10. 

Capture of Crown Point, May 1 2. 

Washington appointed connnander-in-chief, June 15. 

Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 

Capture of St. John's and Montreal, November 13. 

Defeat of Americans before Quebec. 

1776. Evacuation of Boston by the British, March 17. 
Unsuccessful attack by the British on Charleston, June 28. 
The Declaration of Independence, July 4. 

Battle of Long Island, August 27. 

American defeat at White Plains, October 28. 

Capture of Fort Washington by the British, November 16. 

Washington's retreat through New Jersey. 

Victory of Washington at Trenton, December 26. 

1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3. 

Fall of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Fort Edward. 

Defeat of Hessians at Bennington, August 16. 

Defeat of Washington at C hadd's Ford, September 4. 

Battle of Brandy wine, September 11. 

Capture of Philadelphia by the British, September 26. 

Battle of Gerraantown, October 4. 

Surrender of Burgoyne, October 17. 

Capture of forts below Philadelphia. 

Washington's army in winter quarters at Valley Forge. 

1778. France acknowledged American independence, February 6. 
Evacuation of Philadelphia, June 17. 

Battle of Monmouth, June 28. 

Massacre at Wyoming, July 3. 

Arrival of French fleet in Narragansett Bay, July 29. 

Savannah captured and the Southern Colonies overran, December 29. 

1779. Capture of Stony Point by General Wayne, July 15. 
Campaign against the Indians by (leneral Sullivan, August 29. 
Paul Jones's naval victory, September 23. 

Kepulse of American and French attack on Savannah, October 9. 

1780. Capture of Charleston, May 12. 

Arrival of the French fleet ofl' Rhode Island. 
Defeat of Gates in the South. 
Treason of Benedict Arnold. 
Execution of Major Andre, October 2. 



312 APPENDIX. 

1781. Arnold's marauding expedition in the Sonth, January 5. 

Battle of tlie ('owpens, January 17. 

Battle of Guilford Court-house, March 15. 

Reconquest of the South by General (Jreene. 

Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19. 
1783. Treaty of peace signed at Paris, September 3. 

Washington resigns his commission, December 23. 
1787. The Constitution of tlie United States adopted. 
17SS. The Constitution of tlie United States went into efiect. 
178'.). Washington inaugurated, April 30. 

1790. Philadelphia beuame the national capital. 

1791. Vermont was admitted into the Union, March 4. 

1792. Washington and Adams re-elected. 
Kentucky admitted into the Union, June 1. 

1793. The city of Washington laid out by General Washington. 

1794. Indians defeated by Wayne, August 20.. 
The Whiskey Insurrection. 

1795. Treaty made with Algiers. 

179(J. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June 1. 

John Adams and Thomas Jeflerson elected President and \'ice- 
President. 
1797. Adams inaugurated, March 4. 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14. 

1800. National cajiital removed to Washington. 
Treaty made with France, Septeml)er 30. 

Thomas Jeflerson and Aaron I'nrr elected President and Vice- 
President. 

1801. Jeftc'rson inaugurated, March 4. 

Tripoli declared war against the United States. 

1803. Ohio admitted into the Union, February 19. 
Louisiana purcha,sed from France, April 30. 

1804. Lewis and Clarke's exploring expedition. 
Hamilton killed by Burr, July 11. 

1805. Treaty of peace with Tripoli, June 3. 

1807. Fulton ascended the Hudson with the first steamboat. 
The Chesapmkr tired into by the Leopard, June 22. 
Passage of the Embargo Act, December 22. 

1808. James Madison and George Clinton elected President and Vice- 

President. 

1809. Madison inaugurated, March 4. 
Embargo Act repealed. 

1811. Collision between the President and Little Bell. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 313 

1811. Defeat of the Indians at Tippecanoe, November 7. 

1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union, April 8. 
War dechired against (Ireat Britain, June 19. 
Surrender of Detroit by General Hull, August 16. 
Constitution captured the Gveiriere, August 19. 

Exploit of Commodore Decatur with the frigate United States. 
Battle of Queenstown Heights, October 13. 
The Frolic captured by the Wasp, October 13. 
Capture of the Java liy the Constitution, December 29. 
Madison re-elected President, and Elbridge Gerry chosen Vice- 
President. 

1813. Battle of Frenchtown, January 22. 
York (Toronto) captured, April 27. 
Fort Meigs attacked, May 1. 

The Hornet captured tlie Peacock; February 24. 

Chesapeake captured by the Shannon, and Lawrence killed. June 1. 

Attack on Fort Stevenson, O., August 2. 

Decatur blockaded al New London. 

Massacre at Fort Minims, August 30. 

Perry's great naval victory on Lake Erie, September 10. 

Battle of the Thames, October 5. 

1814. Defeat of the Indians at Horseshoe Bend, March 27. 
Battle of Chippewa, July 5. 

Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, 

Washington captured by the British, August 24. 

Victory at Plattsburg and on Lake Chainplain, September 11. 

British rei)ulsed at Baltimore, September 13. 

Hartford Convention, December 15. 

Treaty of peace signed at (ihent, December 24. 

1815. Victory at New Orleans, January 8. 
Capture of the Gyane and Levant, Fel^ruary 20. 
W^ar with Algiers. 

1816. Indiana admitted into the I'nion, December 11. 

James Monroe and Daniel Tompkins elected President and Vice- 
President. 

1817. Monroe inaugurated, March 4. 

Mississippi admitted into the Union, December 10. 

1818. Illinois admitted into the Union. December 3. 

1819. First steamship to cross the Atlantic left Savannah, May 24. 
Alabama admitted into the Union, December 14. 

1820. Florida purchased of Spain. 
Missouri Compromise passed, March 3. 
22 



314 APPENDIX. 

1820. Maine admitted into the Union, March 15. 

1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, August 10. 

1822. The South American provinces recognized. 

1823. The "Monroe Doctrine" declared. 
The Erie Canal opened, ( )ctober 8. 

1824. Visit of La Fayette. 

('orn«Ktone of Bunker Hill monument laid by La Fayette, June 17. 
John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun elected President and 
Vice-President. 

1825. Adams inaugurated, March 4. 

1826. Adams and Jefierson died, July 4. 

The first railway in the United States completed. 

1828. Andrew Jackson and J. C. Callioun elected President and Vice- 

President. 

1829. Jackson inaugurated. 

The first steam locomotive put in operation. 

1831. Ex-President Monroe died, July 4. 

1832. Black Hawk War. 

Jackson vetoed the charter of the United States Bank. 

Nullification in South Carolina. 

The Seminole War. 

Jackson re-elected; Martin Van Buren elected Vice-President. 

1833. Jackson inaugurated. 

1835. Massacre of Dade's connnand by Seminoles, December 28. 

1836. Arkansas admitted into the L^nion, June 15. 
Ex-President Madison died, June 28. 

Texas proclaimed her independence, March 2. 
Martin Van Buren and Col. R. M. Johnson elected President and 
Vice-President. 

1837. Michigan admitted into the LTnion, January 26. 
Van Buren inaugurated, March 4. 
Financial distress throughout the country. 
Osceola captured under a flag of truce. 

Rout of Seminoles at Okechobee, December 25. 
1837-38. Rebellion in Canada. 
1837. Steamer Caroline burned and sent over Niagara Falls, December 29. 

1840. General W. H. Harrison and John Tyler elected President and 

Vice-President. 

1841. Harrison inaugurated. 
President Harrison died, April 4. 

1842. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island. 
End of the Seminole War. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 315 

1842. Our North-eastern boundary question settled. 

1843. Rhode Island adopted her present Constitution. 

1844. The first public telegram sent. 

The Mormons driven out of Nauvoo, 111. 

James K. Polk and George M. Dallas elected President and Vice- 
President. 

1845. P^lorida admitted into the Union, March 3. 
Polk inaugurated, March 4. 
Ex-President Jackson died, June 8. 

Texas admitted into the Union, December 29. 

1846. Captain Thornton attacked and captured, April 26. 
Victory at Palo Alto, May 8. 

Victory at Resaca de la Palma, INIay 9. 

War declared by Congress, May 11. 

General Kearney lelt Fort Leavenworth with an army for the West, 

June. 
Santa Fe captured, August 18. 
Monterey captured, September 24. 
Iowa admitted into the Union, December 28. 

1847. Victory at Buena Vista, February 23. 
Vera Cruz captured, March 29. 
Victory at Cerro Gordo, April 18. 
Victory at Contreras, August 20. 
Chapultepec captured, September 13. 

City of Mexico surrendered, September 14. 

1848. Treaty of peace signed, February 2. 
Ex-President J. Q. Adams died, February 23. 
Gold discovered in California, February. 
Wisconsin admitted into the Union, May 29. 
General Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore elected. 

1849. Taylor inaugurated, March 5. 

1850. President Taylor died, July 9. 

California admitted into the Union, September 9. 

1851. Lopez, the filibuster, shot. 

1852. General Franklin Pierce and AVilliam R. King elected President 

and Vice-President. 

1853. President Pierce inaugurated, INIarch 4. 

1854. Kansas and Nebraska P>ill ]iasse(l and ^Missouri Compromise repealed, 

May 31. 
Boundary between INIexico and the United States readjusted. 
1856. James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge elected President and 
Vice-President. 



316 APPENDIX. 

1856. Dred Scott decision rendered, December terra of Supreme Cor.rt. 

1857. Buchiuian and Breckinridge iniuigiiratcd, March 1. 

1858. Minnesota admitted into the I nion, May 11. 
First Athuitic cal)le o})crated, August 5. 

1859. Oregon admitted into tlie Union, February 14. 

1860. John Brown's raid, October 16. 

Abraham Lincohi and Hannibal Hamlin elected President and 
Vice-President. 

John Brown and six companions hanged, December 2. 

South Carolina seceded from the Union, December 20. 

Major Anderson moved from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, Decem- 
ber 26. 

1861. Steamer Star of the Went fired upon, January 9. 
Kansas admitted into the Union, January 29. 
Confederate Goverinnent formed at Montgomery, February 4. 
" Peace Convention " held in Washington, February 4. 
President Lincoln inaugurated, March 4. 

Fort Sumter bomI)arded, April 12, 13. 

President Lincohi called for 75,000 volunteers. 

Virginia seceded, April 18. 

Massachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. 

Arkansas seceded, May 6. 

North Carolina seceded. May 20. 

Tennessee seceded, June 8. 

Battle of Big Bethel, June 10. 

Battle of Bull Kun, July 21. 

Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10. 

Forts at Hatteras Tnlet, N. C, captured, August 29. 

Colonel Mulligan defeated at Lexington, Mo., September 20. 

Battle at Ball's Bluff; October 21. 

Port Royal, S. C, captured, November 7. 

IVIason and Slidell seized, November 8. 

1862. Fort Henry captured, February 6. 
Roanoke Island taken, February 8. 
Fort Donelson captured, February 16. 

Electoral vote of the Southern Confederacy counted, February 19. 

Battle of Valverde, N. M., February 21. 

Battle of Pea Ridge, March 7, 8. 

Battle between the Monitor and Mcrrimac, March 9. 

Newbern, N. C., captured, ISIarch 14. 

Army of the Potomac landed at Fortress Monroe, April 4. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 317 

1862. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 7. 
Island No. 10 taken, April 7. 

New Orleans captured, April 25. 

Beaufort, N. C, taken, April 25. 

Yorktown occupied, May 4. 

Battle of Williamsburg, May 5. 

Norfolk surrendered. May 10. 

Corinth occupied, ]May 30. 

Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31 -June 1. 

Memphis captured, June 0. 

General Stuart's cavalry raid, .June 12. 

Seven Days' battles, June 25-July 1. 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, August 9. 

Indian War in ^Minnesota. 

Second battle of Bull Bun, August 29, 30. 

Battle of South Mountain, September 14. 

Capture of Harper's Ferry, September 15. 

Battle of Antietam, September 15. 

Battle of luka, September 19. 

Battle of Corinth, October 4. 

Battle of Perryville, October 8. 

Buell superseded by Rosecrans, October 30. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13. 

Failure of the attack on Vicksburg, December 29. 

Battle of Murfreesboro', December 31, and January 1, 2, 1863. 

1863. Emancipation Proclamation issued, January 1. 
Galveston recaptured by the Confederates, January 1. 

General Hooker assumes command of the Army of the Potomac. 

Attempt to capture Charleston. 

Fort Sumter bombarded, April 7. 

Defeat of Pemberton at Fort Gibson, May 1. 

Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 3. 

Defeat of General Johnston at Jackson, May 14. 

West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 19. 

Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-4. 

Vicksburg surrendered, July 4. 

Port Hudson surrendered, July 8. 

Fort Wagner taken, September 7. Attack on Charleston. 

Battle of Chickamauga, September 19, 20. 

General Thomas seized Orchard Knob, November 23. 

Battle of Chattanooga, November 24, 25. 

Siege of Knoxville raised, December 4. 



318 APPBNDLX. 

18G4. Fort de Russy captured, March 14. 

U. S. Grant made lieutenant-general, March 12. 

Battle of Sabine Cross-roads, Ai)ril S. 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, April 8. 

Butler landed at Bermuda Hundred, May 5. 

Battles of tlie Wilderness, May 5, (>. 

Battle of Spottsylvania, May 8, 1 2. 

Sigel defeated at New Market, May 15. 

Grant repulsed at Cold Harbor, June 3. 

Battle of Piedmont, Jime 5. 

Battle before Petersburg, June 16. 

Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsfirr/e. June 19. 

Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, June 27. 

Battle of the Monocacy, July 9. 

Battles before Atlanta, July 20, 22, 28. 

Explosion of the Petersburg mine, July 30. 

Chambersburg burned, July 30. 

Battle of Mobile Bay, August 5. 

Privateer Georgia aeized, August 11. 

Capture of Atlanta, September 2. 

Battle of Winchester, September 19. 

Battle of Fisher's Hill, September 22. 

Privateer Florida seized, October 7. 

Battle of Cedar Creek, October 1 i). 

Albemarle sunk, October 27. 

Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31. 

Sherman started on his march to tlie sea, November 16. 

Battle of Nashville, December lo, 16. 

Savannah occupied, December 20. 
186."). Fort Fisher captured, January 15. 

Sherman marched northward, February 1. 

Lee made commander-in-chief of the Confederate armies, Feb- 
ruary 5. 

Columbia taken, February 16. 

Charleston captured, February 18. 

Battles of Averysboro' and Bentonville, March 15, IS. 

Grant and Sherman met to arrange tinal campaign, March 27. 

Battle of Five Forks, April 1. 

Fort Gregg caj)tured, April 2. 

Petersburg taken, April 2. 

Richmond taken, April 3. 

Lee surrendered, April 9. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 319 

1865. President Lincoln assassinated, April 14. 
Jolinston's army surrendered, April 26. 

Confederate forces east of the Mississippi surrendered, May 4. 

Confederate naval forces surrendered, May 4. 

JefJerson Davis captured, May 10. 

Confederate forces beyond the Mississippi surrendered, May 26. 

Vice-President Johnson sworn into ofhce as President. 

1866. Grade of general in the army revived, and those of vice- and rear- 

admiral in the navy created. 
Canada invaded by the Fenians. 
Ex-President Buchanan died, June 1 . 
Atlantic telegraph cable laid, July 28. 

1867. Alaska purchased. 
French evacuated Mexico. 

Nebraska admitted into the Union, March 1. 

1868. President Johnson impeached. 
All the seceded States admitted. 
Universal amnesty declared, December 25. 

1869. President Grant inaugurated, ]\Iarch 4. 
Pacific Raihvay completed, May 10. 

1870. The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution became operative. 

1871. The great fire broke out in Chicago, October 8. 

1872. The Alabama claims were settled. 
Boundary dispute with Great Britain adjusted. 

1873. General E. S. Canby and others murdered by Modoc Indians. 

1875. Colorado admitted into the Union, March 3. 

1876. General Custer and his command massacred, June 25. 
Centennial exhibition, Philadeljjhia, May 10 to November 10. 

1877. President Hayes inaugurated, March 4. 
Labor troubles in various parts of the country. 

1878. Fishing dispute with Great Britain adjusted. 

1879. Specie payments resumed, January 1. 

1880. General J. A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur elected President and 

Vice-President, November. 

1881. President Garfield assassinated, July 2. 
President Garfield died, September 19. 
Vice-President Arthur sworn in as President. 

1882. Law passed against Chinese immigration. 

1883. Brooklyn Bridge completed. May 24. 

1885. Washington Monument dedicated, February 21. 
(ieneral Grant died, July 22. 
Letter postage reduced to two cents an ounce. 



320 APPENDIX. 

1886. Presidential-Succession Bill passed. 
Anarchistic riots in Chicago, May 4. 
Earthquakes in Charleston. 
War with the Apache Indians. 
Statue of Liberty dedicated, October 28. 

1889. Johnstown flood, May 31. 

North and South Dakota admitted, November 3. 
Montana admitted, November 11. 
Jefll'erson Davis died, December G. 

1890. Idaho admitted, July 3. 
Wyoming admitted, July 10. 
Sitting Bull killed, December 15. 

1891. Sioux War ended, January 15. 
Admiral Porter died, February 13. 
General Sherman died, February 14. 
General Johnston died, March 21. 

Forty-four stars appeared in the national flag, July 4. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 



PART I. 
The Period of Discovery and Development. 



Earliest Discoverers. 



Discoverers from Asia. 
Tlie Mound-Builders. 

f Naddod. 

The Northmen, i t^ • .1 d 1 
' I. Knc the lied. 



The 



Columbus. 



Other Discoverers. 



Spanish Explorers. 



French Explorers. 

English Explorers. 
Dutch Explorer, 



Era of Geographical Ignorance. 
^ Birth and Early Training. 

His Geographical Views. 

At the Portuguese Court. 

At the Spanish Court. 

His Voyage Westward. 

His Return to Spain. 

Further Discoveries. 
[ His Death. 

Amerigo Vespucci. 

.John Cabot. 

Sebastian Cabot. 
f Ponce de Leon. 

Balboa. 
J Magellan. 
I De Narvaez. 
I De Soto. 
I Menendez. 

Verrazani. 

Cartier. 

•John Ribaiit. 

Laudonniere. 

Champlain. 

De Monts. j^ 

f Frobisher. 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 

{First and second at- 
tempts, and their fail- 
ures. 
Henry Hudson. 

321 



322 



APPENDIX. 



Virginia. 



Massachusetts. 



John Smith. 



John Smith. 



PAET II. 
The Colonial Period. 

Attention of the leading nations attracted to 

the New World. 
The London Company. 
Tlie Plymouth Company. 
Method of Government. 
First Failure. 

f His romantic history. 
t- Doubt of some portions. 
Founding of Jamestown. 

His services. 
His adventures. 
The Starving Time. 
Arrival of Lord Delaware. 
The Third Charter. 
Pocahontas. 
Colony Badly Ruled. 
The Cireat Charter. 
First Legislative Body Convened. 
Method of (iovernment. 
Period of Prosperity. 
African Slavery Introduced. 
Death of Powhatan. 
Trouble with the Indians. 
Virginia made a Royal Province. 
Oppressed by the Britisli Parliament. 
Bacon's Rebellion. 

f Religious Persecution. 

Landing of Pilgrims. 

Character of Pilgrims. 

Sufferings of Pilgrims. 

The Indians. 

Growth of the Colony. 

The Puritans. 

Their Intolerance. 

The Colonies I'nited. 

King Philip's War. 

Made a Royal Province. 

TyrannicalGovernment. 

Salem Witchcraft. 



Plymouth Colony. 



Massachusetts Bay 
Colony. 



TOPICAL ANA L YSIS FOR SLA TE OR BLA CKB OA RD. 323 



Maine and New Hampshire. 

Settlement. 
Connecticut. 



Rhode Island. 



New York. 



New Jersey. 



Georgia. 



Intercolonial Wars. 



Delaware and Penn- 
sylvania. 



Maryland. 



The Carolinas. 



Destruction of the Pequods. 

The Charter Oak. 

Settlement. 

Toleration Act. 

Charter Granted. 

Settlement. 

Government under the Dutch. 

Government under the English. 

Settlemerrt. 

East and West Jersey. 

New Jersey a Koyal Province. 

Settlement. 

Philadelphia Founded. 

The Golden Rule in Government. 

Penn's Treaty. 

Remarkable Prosperity. 

Delaware. 

Death of Penn. 

1 

[ Rights of his Heirs. 

f Settlement. 

I Religious Difficulties. 

Settlement. 

The Albemarle Colony. 

The Clarendon Colony. 

Settlement. 

Oglethorpe's Experiment. 

(Causes. 
Progress. 
Results. 
(Causes. 
Progress. 
Results. 
(Causes. 
Progress. 
Results. 
(Causes. 
Progress. 
Results. 



Queen Anne's War. 



King George's War. 



Life in the Colonial Times. 



324 



APPENDIX. 



Causes of the Revolu- 
tion. 



Retaliatory Measures 
by Great Britain. 



Events of 1774-75. 



Events of 1776. 



Events of 1777. 



Events of 1778. 



Events of 1779. 



PART III. 

The Revolution. 

Discrimination against American Interests. 

Navigation Acts. 

Stamp Act. 

Taxation without Representation. 

Writs of Assistance. 

Closing the Port of Boston. 
(Jeneral Uage appointed Governor of Massa- 
clmsetts. 

! First Continental Congress. 
Battle of Lexington. 
Battle of Bunker Hill. 
Second Continental Congress, 
(ieneral Washington made Connnander-in- 

Chief. 
Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
Invasion of Canada. 

f Evacuation of Boston. 

Attack on Charleston. 
] Declaration of Independence. 

Campaign around New York. 

Retreat through New Jersey. 

Battle of Trenton. 

Battle of the Assunpink. 
Battle of Princeton. 
Burgoyne's Invasion. 
Fall of Philadelphia. 

Washington at Valley Forge. 

Treaty of France with the United States. 

Evacuation of Philadelphia. 

Battle of ]\Ionmouth. 

^lilitary Movements in Rhode Island. 

Campaign in the Soutli. 



The War in the South. 
The War in the North. 
Campaigns against the Indians. 
The War on the Ocean. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 325 



Events of 1780. 



Events of 1781. 



Treason of Arnold. 
The War in the South. 
Further Aid from France. 

Campaign in the South. 

Surreniler at Yorktown. 

Treaty of Peace. 

Washington Surrenders his Commission. 



Washington's Admin- 
istration, 1789 97. 



PART IV. 
Growth of the States. 

Condition of the States at the Close of the 

Ke volution. 
Peril from the Army. 
Adoption of the Constitution. 
First President and Vice-President. 
Domestic Aflairs. 
Foreign Aflairs. 



[ Political Parties. 



John Adams's Admin- 



Domestic Affairs. 

• a. A.- innr, lom '{ Foreign Affairs. 
istration,1797 1801. .^ 

V Presidential Election of 1800. 



Jefferson's Adminis- 
tration, 1801 09. 



f Burr and Hamilton. 
Louisiana Purchased. 
Domestic Affairs, -i The First Steamboat. 

Lewis and Clarke's p]x- 

pedition. 
War with Tripoli. 
Foreign Affairs. ^ England and France, Em- 
bargo Act. 
Presidential Election of 1808. 



L 



Madison's Adminis- 
tration, 1809-17. 



Domestic Affairs. 

Foreign Affairs. 
War of 1812. 



r Causes of War. 

Achievementsof the Army. 

Achievements of the Navy. 
[ Peace. Results. 



Indian Troubles. 
[ Presidential Election of 1816. 



326 



APPENDIX. 



Monroe's Administra- 
tion, 1817-25. 



Polk's Administra- 
tion, 1845-4.9. 



I Pvra of Prosperity. 

TA i- * a • ( Missouri Compromise. 
Domestic Anairs. -i , ' 

•^ La Fayette's Visit. 

■c. • . «• • f Acquisition of Florida. 
l*oreign AHairs. < ^ 

^ Monroe Doctrine. 
Recasting of Political Parties. 
Presidential Election of 1824. 



John Quincy Adams's 
Administration, 
1825 29. 



Jackson's Adminis- 
tration, 1829 37. 



Van Buren's Adminis- 
tration, 1837-41. 



Harrison and Tyler's 
Administration, 
1841-45. 



/-U.S. Banl 

Domestic Aftiiirs. \ Nullificati 

*- Indian Tr( 



Admission of States. 
Opening of the Mississippi Valley. 
Death of Jefferson and the Elder Adams. 
The Erie Canal. 
First Railway. 
First Steam Locomotive. 
Presidential P:iection of 1828. 
U. S. Bank, 
ion. 
Troubles. 
Foreign Afl'airs. 
Presidential Election of 1836. 
Domestic Aflairs. Panic of 1837. 
Foreign Aflairs. The Patriot War. 
Presidential Election of 1840. 

f U. S. Bank. 
Death of Harrison. 
r)omestic Affairs. 
Foreign f Annexation 



Suffrage Difficulties. 
Anti-rent Excite- 
ment. 
The Mormons. 
Magnetic Telegraph. 
Presidential Election of 1844. 



Aflivirs. 



of Texas. 



Foreign Affairs. 
War with Mexico, 
1846-48. 



Domestic Aflairs. 



I 
_ Presidential Election of 1848. 



f Causes. 

I Operationsof Armiesun- 
j der Generals Taylor, 
I Kearney, and Scott. 
I Peace. Results of the 
I War. 

Discovery of Gold in 
in California. 

Death of Ex-Presidents 
Jackson and Adams. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 327 



f Death of Taylor. 

( Slavery. 
Taylor and Fillmore's Domestic Affairs. ^ Admission of California. 
Administration, ^ T,^^ American Attempt to 

1849-53. Foreign Affiurs.-^ Liberate Cuba. 

Pret^idential Election of 1852. 



Pierce's Administra- 
tion, 1853-57. 



Buchanan's Adminis- 
tration, 1857-61. 



Domestic Aftiiii 



Foreign Affair? 



f Eepeal of Missouri C'om- 
I 

promise. 

i Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

Civil War in Kansas. 
[ Walker's Expeditions. 

Mexico. 



[ Presidential Election of 1856. 



Domestic Affairs. 



r Slavery Question. 

j Dred Scott Decision. 
John Brown's Raid. 

I Atlantic Cable. 
The Seceding States. 
Fort Sumter. 
Presidential Election of 1860. 



States admitted during this Period. 



1861. 



PART V. 

The Civil War. 

Lincoln's Administration, 1861-65. 

Slavery and the Doctrine of State Rights. 

Inauguration of President Lincoln. 

Peace Convention in Washington. 

Capture of Fort Sumter. 

War-spirit North and South. 

Battles of Big Betliel, Bull Run, and Ball's Bluff'. 

General McClellan takes Command of the Army of the Potomac. 

General Lyon. 

Colonel ]Mulligan. 

The Trent Aflkir. 



328 



APPENDIX. 



1862. 



1863. 



1865. 



1864. J 



The Union Plan of Campaign. 

Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. 

Confederate I'residency and Vice-Presidency. 

Battle of Shiloh. 

Capture of Island No. 10. 

Battle of Perryville. 

Battle of Murfreesboro'. 

The Monitor and 3Ierrimnc. 

Capture of New Orleans. 

First Campaign against Richmond. 

Lee's First Northern Invasion. 

Battle of Antietam. 

Attack on Fredericksburg. 

The War in New Mexico. 

Indian Outbreak in Minnesota, 
f Battle of Chickamauga. 
I Battle of Chattanooga. 
I Relief of Burnside at Knoxville. 

Attempt against Charleston. 
J Confederate Privateers. 
1 Recapture of Galveston. 

Battle of Chancellorsville. 
I Second Confederate Invasion of the North. 
I Battle of Gettysburg. 
I Capture of Vicksburg. 

Sherman's Campaign : his INIarch to the Sea. 

Grant's Campaign — Petersburg. 

Sigel's and Hunter's Campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley. 

Butler's Failure at Bermuda Hundred. 

Early's Advance. 

Sheridan's Campaign. 

General Banks's Red River Expedition. 

Closing of Mobile. 

Capture of Fort Fisher. 

Destruction of the Ahthoma. 

Presidential Election of 1864. 

Sherman's March Northward. 

Grant's Last Campaign against Lee. 

The Surrender of Appomattox. 

Assassination of President Lincoln. 

Collapse of the Southern Confederacy. 



tL 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 329 

PERIOD VI. 

Peace and Progress. 

Johnson's Administration, 1865 69. 

The Grand Victory that Followed that of the I'nion. 

Cost of the Civil War. 

The New Ranks in the Army and Navy. 

Tlie P^enian Movement. 

Purchase of Alaska. 

Maximilian in Mexico. 

Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable. 

Death of Ex-President Buchanan. 

Presidential Election of 1868. 

Grant's Administration, 1869 77. 
The (Ireat Fires in Chicago and Boston. 
The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 
The Alabama Claims. 
The North-western Boundary. 
The Election of 1872. 
Indian Troubles. 
The Centennial E]xhibition. 
Presidential Election of 1876. 

Hayes's Administration, 1877-81. 
Hayes's Conciliatory Policy. 
Labor Troubles. 
Specie Payments. 

The Fishery Dispute with (ireat Britain. 
General Grant's Tour around the World. 
Presidential Election of 1880. 

Garfield and Arthur's Administration, 1881-85. 

Assassination of President Garfield. 

Law against Chinese Immigration ; against Mormonism. 

Brooklyn Bridge. 

Washington Monument. 

Otiier Legislation. 

Presidential Election of 1884. 

2a 



330 APPENDIX. 

Cleveland's Administration, 1885 89. 

The Presidential Succession. 
The Statue of Liberty. 
Death of General Grant. 
Other Dij^tinpiiished Dead. 
Labor Disturbances. 
Earthquakes. 
Indian Troubles. 



Harrison's Administration, 1889-93. 

The Johnstown Flood. 

Indian Troubles. 

Deaths of Prominent Persons. 

New States Admitted. 

Tarifl' Legislation. 

Past and Future of our Country. 

Inventions. 

Literature and Art. 



SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION. 



Suggestions to Teachers.— In preparing compositions on the subjects named 
pupils sliould be required to relate every incident in their own language. They 
should never be permitted to use the exact words of the text-book, but should 
ciinstruct their own sentences, and aim at directness, clearness, and good Eng- 
lish. 

Chapter I. — Tlie Traditional Period of Discovery; The Northmen. 

Chapter II. — The Lack of (Jeogi-aphical Knowledge Four Hundred 
Years ago; The Career of Columbus ; The True Eank of Columbus among 
the Discoverers of the World. 

Chapter III. — Amerigo Vespucci ; Effect produced on Leading 
Maritime Nations of Europe by the Discoveries of Columbus ; Discov- 
eries of the Cabots ; A Brief Comparison of what was done Respectively by 
Spain, France, England, and Holland in the new world to the close of 1609. 

Chai^ter IV. — Jamestown ; Captain John Smith ; Pocahontas. 

Chapter V. — Early Times in Virginia; The First Legislative Body 
convened in America ; African Slavery ; The Indian Wars ; Bacon's Re- 
bellion ; Prosperity of Virginia. 

Chapter VI. — The Puritans of New England ; King Philii) ; Witch- 
craft. 

Chapter VII. — The Work of the Plymouth and ^lassachusetts 
Colonies in Settling New England ; Early Indian Wars; Religious Toler- 
ance and Intolerance in New England. 

Chapter VIII. — The Early Settlements in New York; Tiie Early 
Settlers ; Governor Andros ; Why the City of New York was Destined to 
become the Metropolis of the New World. 

Chapter IX. — The Early History of New Jersey ; of Pennsylvania ; 
of Delaware ; The E.xample of William Penn. 

Chapter X. — The States whose Founding was due to Religious 
Intolerance ; Other Causes of Settlements in the New World ; The Mis- 
takes made by the Pioneers of the Original Thirteen States. 

Chapter XI. — The First Three Intercolonial Wars; The Services 
of George Washington Previous to the Revolution ; The {'onf|uest of 
America by England. 

Chapter XII. — Contrast of the Colonial and Modern Dwelling- 
houses; Contrast of the Colonial and Modern ]\Iethod of Living; Com- 
parison of the Colonial and Modern Laws. 

Chapter XIII. — The Future of the American Indian. 

331 



332 APPENDIX. 

Chapter XIV. — England's Folly in Dealing with her American 
Colonies; The Patriotic h^pirit of the Americans. 

Chapter XV. — The First and Second Continental Congresses ; Lex- 
ington and Bunker Hill ; Washington as Commander-in-Chief. 

Chapter XVI. — The Campaign in New England ; The Declaration 
of Independence; The Turning-point of the American Revolution. 

Chapter XVII. — Washington's Generalship at the battles of the 
Assnnpink and Princeton ; General Gates's Generalship at t^aratoga ; 
The Reverses of Washington in 1777. 

Chapter XVIII. — Valley Forge; Friendship of France for the 
American Colonies; Monmouth; Military Movements in the North and 
South in 1778. 

Chapter XIX. — The Campaign of 1779 in the North and South ; 
The Part Played by the Indians in the Revolution ; The Infant American 
Navy. 

Chapter XX. — Career of Benedict Arnold ; Sufferings of the Amer- 
ican Army during the Winter of 1779-80. 

Chapter XXI. — The Last Campaign of the Revolution ; Washing- 
ton in Retirement. 

Chapter XXII.— The Birth of the Nation; The Infancy of the 
Nation ; The Constitution ; The First President and Vice-President ; The 
First Administration, and What it Accomplished. 

Cliapter XXIII. — Tlie Second Administration ; The Alien and 
Sedition Laws ; Washington. 

Chapter XXIV.— The Duel l)etween Burr and Hamilton; Tlie 
War with Tripoli ; The Lewis and Clarke E.xpedition ; The Katherine of 
dermoid; The Embargo Act. 

Chapter XXV.— The Causes of the War of 1812; A Comparison 
of the Strength of Great Britain and the United States at the Opening 
of the War; The Army and Navy during the First Year of the War. 

Chapter XXVI.— The Achievements of the Army in 1813 ; The 
Achievements of the Navy in 1813; The Causes of Failure and of Defeat. 

Chapter XXVII. — The Achievements of the Army in the War 
of 1812 ; The Achievements of the Navy in the War of 1812; The Cap- 
ture of Washington ; The Treaty of Ghent. 

Chapter XXVIII.— Our Material Progress after the War of 1812 ; 
The Missouri Compromise ; The Monroe Doctrine ; La Fayette. 

Chapter XXIX.— The Sixth Administration; The Death of 
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ; The P>ie Canal ; American Rail- 
ways. 

Chapter XXX. — Andrew Jackson; South Carolina in 1832; 
Osceola. 



SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION. 333 

Chapter XXXI.— The Cause of the Panic of 1837; The Admin- 
istration of Van Buren. 

Chapter XXXII.— The Mormons; Texas; The Magnetic Tele- 
graph. 

Chapter XXXIII.— The Mexican War ; The Discovery of Gold 
in California. 

Chapter XXXIV.— The Question of Slavery in I80O ; California ; 
The Attempts to Help the Cause of Cuban Independence. 

Chapter XXXV. — The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise ; 
Bleeding Kansas ; The Republican Party. 

Chapter XXXVI.— The Dred Scott Decision ; John Brown ; The 
Atlantic Cable; The Secession Movements during Buchanan's Adminis- 
tration. 

Chapter XXXVII. — Origin and Meaning of the Names of the 
Different States ; Pioneer Settlements. 

Chapter XXXVIII.— The Causes of the Civil War; The Fall 
of Fort Sumter ; The Battle of Bull Run ; Operations in the West ; The 
War on the Coast ; The Trent Aflair. 

Chapter XXXIX.— The War in the West; The Monitor and 
Merrimac ; Operations on the Water ; The First Campaign against Rich- 
mond ; The First Confederate invasion of the North ; The Fredericksburg 
Campaign. 

Chapter XL. — The Campaign in the South-west ; The Campaign 
in the West ; The Campaign on the Water ; The Campaign in the East. 

Chapter XLI.^ — Operations in the South : Operations in the East; 
Operations in the South-west ; ( )perations on the Water. 

Chapter XLII. — The Final CamiJaign for the Union; The Assas- 
sination of President Lincoln. 

Chapter XLIII.— Peace; The Cost of the War for the Union; 
Alaska ; Maximilian ; The Atlantic Telegraph Cable. 

Chapter XLIA'^. — The Chicago Fire ; The Alabama C'laims ; Indian 
Wars; The Centennial Exiiibition. 

Chapter XLV. — The Labor Troubles of 1877 ; General Grant's 
Tour around the AVorld. 

Chapter XLVI. — President Garfield ; The Washington Monu- 
ment ; Arthur's Adn)inistration. 

Chapter XLVI I.— The Last Days of General Grant ; The Labor 
and Strike Troubles ; The Noted Dead of 1885-86. 

Chapter XLVIII. — Tiie Johnstown Calamity; Causes and Inci- 
dents of the Last Indian War; The New Members of the Union; Our 
Past and Our Future. 



QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION. 



Chapter I. — Whence came the people found in America hy tlie first 
wiiite men that visited it? 

Cliaptor II. — -What is tlie true place of Columbus among the great 
discoverers? 

Chapter III. — What was the cause of the numerous failures to plant 
colonies in the new world? Which of the four leading maritime nations 
of Europe had the clearest title to the territory she claimed in America? 

Chapter IV. — Would Jamestown have escaped destruction except 
for Captain Jolni Smith? 

Chaptei* V. — If the Dutch had not brought slaves to Virginia, 
would the system of African slavery have ever been introduced into this 
country? 

Chapter W. — Was King Philip justifiable in making war against 
the colonists? Is there any excuse for the witchcraft delusion in New 
England ? 

(■hapter A"II. — Was the anniliilation of the Pequod Indians neces- 
sary or justifiable? 

Chapter VIII.— Had England or Holland the clearest title to the 
New Netherlands ? 

Chapter IX. — Whiih theories of William Penn were sound, and 
which unsound ? 

Chapter X. — Why did the scheme of (ieneral Oglethorpe regarding 
(Georgia result in failure? 

Chai>t«'r XI. — Did France or England possess the better claim to 
the disputed territory which was the cause of the French and Indian 
War? 

Chaptei* XII. — What mistakes were made in the governuient of 
our forefathers? 

Chapter XIII. — What is the true solution of the " Indian Prob- 
lem " ? 

Chapt<'r XIV. — Suppose Englanil had treatid her American colo- 
nies witii justice, when would their separation from her have taken place? 
Would such separation have been peaceable? 

Chapter XV. -Would a victory at Hunker Hill have benefited the 
Americans more than a defeat ? 
334 



QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION. 335 

Chapter XA^I,— What would have been the result if tiie battle of 
Trenton had been a defeat for the Americans and Washington had been 
made a prisoner? 

Chapter XVII. — Did Washington or Gates display tlie better 
generalship in 1777? 

Chapter XVIII. — Where and when, down to the close of 1778, 
did the jiatriot army display the grandest heroism? 

Chapter XIX. — Was it necessary that General Sullivan should 
l)unish the Iroquois Indians with such fearful severity? 

Chapter XX. — Was it right to hang Major Andre? Would the 
Americans have been successful with any other than Washington in com- 
mand ? 

Chai>ter XXI. — Was the help of France indispensable to the suc- 
cess of the American colonies in their struggle for indei:)endence? 

Chajiter XXII. — Since France aided the colonies in their struggle 
for independence, was it not the duty of our government to help France 
in her war with England ? 

Chapter XXIII.— Was the passage of the Alien and Sedition 
laws necessary or wise? 

Chapter XXIV. — Did the United States do right in paying tribute 
to the Bashaw of Tripoli? Was Captain Earron blamable lor surrender- 
ing the Chesapeake without first making battle? 

Chapter XXV. — Ought General William Hidl to have been exe- 
cuted for the surrender of Detroit ? 

Chapter XXA'I. — Should the hero Lawrence be commended or 
censured for iigliting, under the circumstances, the Shannon? 

Chapter XXVII.— Ought the United States to have signed the 
treaty of (ihent ? 

Chapter XXVIII. — When is it right and when is it wrong to con- 
sent to a compromise? 

Chapter XXIX. — W^as there anything more than a simple coin- 
cidence in the death of Thomas JefTerson and John Adams ? 

Cliapter XXX. — Was there any justification for the arrest of 
Osceola under a flag of truce? 

Chapter XXXI. — Would it not have been right for our govern- 
ment to permit American citizens to aid the insurgents in Canada? 

Chapter XXXII. To whom belongs the chief credit for the 
invention of the magnetic telegraph? 

Chapter XXXIII.— Was General Scott or General Taylor en- 
titled to the greater credit for our triumph over Mexico? 

Chapter XXXIV.— Ought Daniel Webster to have sujiported the 
"Omnibus Bill"? 



336 APPENDIX. 

Chapter XXXV. — Was the repeal of the Missouri Compromise 
j list i liable ? 

Chapter XXXVI.— Did John Brown deserve to be hanged? 

Chapter XXXVII.— Whieh State, admitted during this period, 
made the greatest progress? Wliich has the most natural advantages? 

Chapter XXXV^III.— Was the Federal defeat at Bull Run a 
benefit or injury to the Union cause? 

Chapter XXXIX. — ^Vllo was censurable for the failure of the 
first campaign against Richmond ? 

Chapter XL. — What would have been the result of a Union defeat 
at Gettysburg? 

Chapter XLI, — Was it wise to displace Hannibal Hamlin as tlie 
nominee of the Republican i)arty for Vice-President in 1864? 

Chapter XLII. — Could Jefiferson Davis have been convicted of the 
crime of treason ? 

Cliapter XLIII. — Did President Johnson deserve impeachment? 

Chapter XLI V.— Who was rightfully elected President of the 
United States in 1S76? 

Chapter XLV. — Should silver be a legal tender? 

Chapter XLVI. — Is the legislation against Chinese immigration 
justifiable or necessary ? 

Chapter XLVII. — Why do you believe (or disbelieve) in civil- 
service reform ? 

Cliapter XLVIII. — Is free trade or protection the better policy 
for the United States? 

LIST OF BOOKS RECOMMENDED TO STUDENTS OF 
AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Sclioolcraft's Indian Tribes; Bancroft's Native Races; Parkman's His- 
torical Works ; Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution and of the War 
of 1812; Lewis and Clarke's Journal; Mackenzie's Life of Jackson; 
Cooper's History of the American Navy ; Fremont's Explorations ; Rip- 
ley's War with ]\Iexico ; McPherson's Political History of the United 
States; Jay's Mexican War; Comte de Paris's Civil War in America; 
Swinton's Army of the Potomac and Twelve Decisive Battles; Personal 
^lemoirs of dleneral U. S. (irant; Memoirs of (General W. T. Slierman ; 
Davis's Rise and Fall of tiie Southern Confederacy; Stephens's War 
between the States; Johnston's Narrative of Military Operations ; Life 
and Letters of Cieneral Thomas J. Jackson, by his ^Vife ; The American 
Statesmen Series; Ellis's Indian Wars of America; Bryce's American 
Commonwealth ; Lossing's History of the United States Navy. 



INDEX. 



For the convenience of students the dates ot the birth and death of all important 
persons have been given in parentheses immediately after the name. Many of these 
are disputed in various ways, and tlie dates accepted in Thomas's Biographical Biction- 
ary have been mainly followed. 



A. 

Abraham, Plaiii.s of, 62. 
Ai-adia attacked, (>0. 
coded to England, .57. 
original name of Nova Scotia, 60. 
Acadians, banishment of, 60. 
Acquia Creek, 194. 

Adams, John (173.5-1826), adminis- 
tration, 1797-1801, 113. 
chosen first Vice-President, 109. 
defeated as candidate, 1800, 115. 
elected second President, 1796, 

113. 
his death, 1826, 137. 
note on life of, 113. 
portrait, 114. 
re-elected Vice-President, 1792, 

112. 
sends envoys to France, 114. 
John Quincy (1767-1848), admin- 
istration, 1825-29, 137. 
administration not popular, 

136, 139. 
elected sixth President, 136. 
his death, 1848, 1.54. 
note on life of, 136. 
portrait, 137. 
Samuel (1722-1803), "Father of 
the Revolution," 71. 
portrait, 71. 
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 57. 
Alabama becomes twentv-second 
State, IS 19, 137. 
its history, 166. 
secession, 1()3. 
traversed, 23. 
Alabama, the, compensation for, 230. 
its destruction, 216. 
its successes, 201. 
Alaska purchased, 1867, 227. 
Albany, 47, H(i. 



Albemarle Colony, 54. 

Albemarle, the, its destruction, 1864, 

217. 
Alexandria seized by Federals, 1861, 

175. 
Algiers, treaty, 1795, 113. 

war with, 132. 
Alien and Sedition laws, 115. 
Alleghany Mountains, region west 
of, 58. 
Eiver crossed by Washington, .59. 
Allen, Ethan (cir. 1738-89), captures 

Ticonderoga, 78. 
Alliance, the, 96. 
Amelia Court-house, provision-trains 

pass through, 1865, 221. 
America, achievements of patriots in 
South, 103. 
becomes a nation, 107. 
Colonial Period, 28. 
disasters, 1812, 121. 
discovered by Columbus, 15. 
English explorations in, 25. 
events of 1774-75, 74. 
of 1776, 80. 
of 1777, 85. 
of 1778, 88. 
of 1780, 98. 
of 1781, 102. 
first discoverers of, 13. 
French explorations in, 24. 
help from abroad, 1778, 90. 
how named, 20. 
independence acknowledged by 

Britain, 106. 
intercolcmiul wars, .56. 
interest of other nations, 20. 
life in colonial times, 63. 
nev^'s of independence spreads, 105. 
organization of army, 1813, 125. 
other exploratiims in, 20. 
partisan fighting in South, 100. 

337 



338 



INDEX. 



America, period of discovery and set- 
tlement, 13. 
See Colonial Times. 
See Viiiled Sdites. 
slow progress of settlement, 28. 
Spanish e.\|)l(irati(ins in, 21. 
unknown till lifteenth century, 15. 
war in the South, 9!(. 
American navy, exploits of, 1813. 126. 
Amherst, Gen. Jetirey, Lord (1717- 

97), 60. 
Amnesty, universal, 1868, 226. 
Ampudia, Pedro de, defeated at Mon- 
terey, 151. 
Anarchist troubles, 1886, 239. 
Anderson, Major Robert (1805-71), 
164. 
portrait, 164. 

surrenders Fort Sumter, 174. 
Andersonville, S. C, 225. 
Andre, Major John (1749-80), capture 
and execution, 99. 
portrait, 99. 
Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1713 or 
'14), 48. 
deposed, 46. 
governor of New England, 

1686, 44. 
imprisoned, 44. 
Annapolis, so named 1710, 57. 
Anne (1702-13), war of Queen, .56. 
Antietam, Md., battle, 1862, 195. 

Burnside's Bridge, view, 194. 
Anti-rent troubles. See New York 

and Renvselaer. 
Apache Indians, conquest of, 240. 
their endurance, 67. 
transferred to Alabama, 240. 
Appomattox, the, Lee crosses, 1865, 

221. 
Aquiday, Indian chief, 46. 
Argall, Samuel (1.572-16.39), governor 

of Virginia, 33. 
Arista, (leneral Mariano (cir. 1800- 

55), 149. 
Arizona, 16s. 

ceded to United States, 154. 
Arkansas, 178, 225. 

becomes tweutv-fifth State, 18.36, 

142, 1()7. " 
its history, 167. 

organized as a Territory, 1821, 167. 
secession, 1H61, 174. 
settled by French. 1685, 167. 
Arlington Heights seized by Federals, 

1861, 175. 
Armv, grades revived, 22(). 

of "Northern Virginia, 202,208,221. 



Army of Northern Virginia at Rich- 
mond, 1864, 213. 
its losses, 212. 
of Occupation, Mexican War, 151. 
of the Centre in Mexican War, 

151. 
of the Centre in War of 1812, 125. 
of the North in War of 1812, 125. 
of the Potomac, 176, 198, 202, 204, 
211. 
Burnside succeeds McClellan, 

195. 
its losses, 212. 

McClellan appointed to com- 
niand, 176. 
of the West in Mexican War, 151. 
of the West in War of 1812, 125. 
Arnold, Benedict (1740-1801), 80. 
captures Ticonderoga, 78. 
his death, 99. 

his marauding expedition, 103. 
his treason, 1780, 98. 
portrait, 98. 
Arthur, Chester Alan (1830-86), ad- 
ministration, 1881-85, 235. 
becomes twenty-first Presi- 
dent, 1881, 235. 
elected Vice-President, 1880, 

234. 
his death, 1886, 238. 
note on life of, 236. 
portrait, 236. 
Ashley River, 55. 
Assun])ink, battle of the, 1777, 85. 
Astrolabe, 15. 

Atlanta occupied and fired by Sher- 
man, 1S64, 210. 
Johnston withdraws to, 1864, 209. 
Atlantic Cable, first, 1858-66, 162,227. 
Atzerodt, George, hanged, 1865, 225. 
Avery.sboro', battle, 1865, 218. 
Ayotia, 153. 

15. 

Bacon, Nathaniel (cir. l()30-77), his 

rebellion, 1()76, 36. 
Bad Lands, Indians at, 242. 
Baffin Bay discovered, 25. 
Bailey, Colonel, saves gun-boats, 215. 
Bainbridge, Ca])tain William (1774- 

1833), 117, 123, 1.32. 
victory of, 124. 
Baker, (.'olonel Edward Dickinson 

(1811-61), his death. 177. 
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (cir. 1475- 

1517). his discoveries, 1513, 

21. 



INDEX. 



339 



Ball's Bluff, Federals defeated, 1861, 

177. 
Baltimore, 14H. 244. 

British repulsed, 1814, i:31. 
disturbances, 1877, 233. 
Massachusetts troops attacked, 

1861, 175. 
threatened by Lee, 1863, 204. 
Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 233. 

Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, Lord ( 

76), 53. 
Banks, Gen. Nathaniel Prentiss 

(1816 ), defeated by 

Jackson, 1862. 191. 
his expedition, 1864, 215. 
portrait, 215. 
Barbary States, pirates in 11^'-.), 111. 
Barclay, Commodoi-e, 127. 
Barron. Captain James (1768-1851), 
commander of the Chesa- 
peake, 119. 
killed Decatur in duel, 119. 
Battle above the Clouds, 198. 
Beaufort, N. C, captured by Fed- 
erals, 1862, 188. 
Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T. (1816- 

), 181. 

defeats Butler, 1864, 213. 
evacuates Corinth, 1862, 183. 
takes Fort Sumter, 173. 
victory at Bull Run, 176. 
BeJridere, the, 123. 
Bemis Heights, 98. 

Burgoyne defeated,-87. 
Bennington, Stark's victorv, 1777, 

86. 
Bentonville, battle, 1865, 218. 
Bergen, Dutch trading post, 1618, 
49. 

Berkeley, Gov. Sir William ( 

1677), 36. 
Lord, 49. 
sold West Jersey, .50. 
Bermuda Hundred, Beauregard's in- 

trenchments, 213. 
Big Bethel, Federals repulsed, 176. 
Big Witiilacoochee, 141. 
Biloxi, settlement at, 1699, 166. 
Birkenhead, I':ngland, 201. 
Black Hawk (cir. 1768-1838), cap- 
tured, 141. 
War, 141, 172. 
Bladensburg, Md., British victorv, 
1814, 130. 

Blaine, James (Jillespie (1830 ), 

defeated as Presidential candi- 

<late, 1884, 237. 
Secretary of State, 235. 



Blair, General Francis Preston, Jr. 
(1821-75), defeated as V'ice- 
Presidential candidate, 1868, 
228. 
" Blue Lights," 127. 
Blue Ridge, 204. 
Bonaparte. See Napoleon. 
Bon- Homme Riehard, the, 96. 

fight with the Serapis, 96. 
Boone, Daniel (1735-1822), 165. 

portrait, 165. 
Boonesborough, fort at, 1775, 165. 
Booth, John Wilkes ( 1865), as- 
sassinates Lincoln, 221. 
shot resisting arrest, 221. 
Boston, 45, 244. 
and vicinity, map, 76. 
evacuated by British, 1776, 80. 
fire, 1871, 230. 
founded, 1630, 41. 
massacre, 1770, 72. 
port closed, 1774, 73. 
siege by Americans, 78. 
war not favored, 1812, 121. 
Boston News Letter, fi rst paper, 1704, 67. 
Boston Tea-Party, 1773, 73. 
Braddock, General Edward (cir. 1715- 
55), massacre and death, 1755, 
59. 
Bradford, William (1589-1657), gover- 
nor of Plymouth Colony, 39. 
Bragg, General Braxton (cir. 1815- 
76). 184, 196. 
his army overthrown, 1863, 199. 
superseded by Johnston, 209. 
Brandywine, 87, 133. 
Brandywine, the, La Fayette sails in, 

136. 
Breckinridge, John C. (1821-75), de- 
feated as Presidential candi- 
date, 1860, 162. 
elected Vice-President, 1856, 159. 
Breed's Hill fortified, 1775, 76. 
Breton, Cape, .57. 
British Guiana, 126. 

Brock, General Isaac ( 1812), his 

death, 122. 
Broke, Captain Sir Philip (1776-1841), 
commander of the Shannon, 
126. 
Brooke, Lord, 45. 

Brooklyn Bridge opened, 1883, 2.37. 
Brown, B. Gratz, defeated as Vice- 
Presidential candidate, 1872, 
230. 
Fort, 1.50, 151. 

built, 149. 
Gen. .Jacob (1775-1828), 130. 



340 



INDEX. 



Brown, Gen. Jacob, invades Canada, 
1814, 129. 
John (lHOO-59), begins raid, 1>S59, 
161. 
exei'Uted, 1(52. 
Buchanan, James (1791-18G8), 164, 
171. 
administration, 1857-61, 160. 
elected fifteenth President, 1856, 

159. 
his death, 1866, 227. 
note on life of, 159. 
portrait, 160. 
Buell, Gen. Don Carlos (cir. 1818- 
), his campaign unsatis- 
factory, 184. 
superseded, 184. 
to reinforce Grant, 182. 
Buena Vista, victory at, 1847, 152. 
Buffalo, distui'bances, 1877, 233. 
Bull Kun, Federals defeated, 1861, 
176. 
stone bridge over, view, 176. 
Stonewall Jackson at first battle, 
191. 
Bunker Hill, 78. 
battle, 1775, 76. 

Monument, La Fayette lays cor- 
ner-stone, 136. 
view, 135. 
Buren, Martin Van (1782-1862), ad- 
ministration, 1837-41, 142. 
administration least popular in 

our history, 142, 144. 
defeated as Presidential cajidi- 

date, 1848, 1.55. 
elected eighth President, 1836, 

142. 
note on life of, 142. 
portrait, 143. 

jirochunation against insur- 
gents, 144. 
renominated as President, 1840, 
144. 

Burgoyne, Gen. John ( 1792). 99. 

his invasion, 1777, 86. 
portrait, 86. 
surrenders, 1777, 87. 
P.urlington, Iowa, settled, 168. 

New .Icrsi'v, settlements near, .50. 
Burnsidi', Gen. Ambrose Everett 
(1824-81), assault on, by 
Longstreet, 1863, 199. 
repulsed at Fredericksburg, 

195. 
superseded by Hooker, 202. 
Burnside's Bridge, Antietam, view, 
194. 



Burr, Aaron (17.56-1836), duel with 
Hamilton, 116. 
elected Vice-President, 1800, 115. 
Butler, Gen. Benjamin Franklin 

(1818 ), 17.5,216. 

at New Orleans, 188. 
defeated by Beauregard, 1864, 
213. 

c. 

Cabot, John, 20. 

called the "Great Admiral," 21. 
sails, 1497, 20. 

takes possession of Labrador, 21. 
Sebastian (cir. 1477-cir. 1557), 21. 
Cabots, the, 48. 

discoveries by them, 21. 
Cairo, 181. 

Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782-1850), 
elected Vice-President, 1824, 
136. 
portrait, 140. 
re-elected Vice-President, 1828, 

139. 
resigns ofllice, 141. 
California, 168. 

a free State, 156. 
I ai)plies for admission to Union, 1.56. 
becomes thirty-first State, 1850, 168. 
ceded to United States, 154. 
! conquest of, 1846, 152. 
! discovery of gold, 1848, 154. 
I its history, 168. 

l)rohibited slavery, 156. 
California, Lower, 159. 
California, Upper, ceded to United 

States, 168. 
Calvert, Cecil. See Lord Baltimore. 
Cambridge, first printing-press at, 66, 
Camden, S. C, battle, 1780, 100. 
Canada and Fenian troubles, 227. 
attempts to invade, 1812, 121, 122. 
conquest of, 63. 

invasion by English colonies, 56. 
invasion of, 79. 
last invasion, 1814, 129. 
Patriot War, 1837, 144. 
rebellion, 1837, subdued, 144. 
Canby, Colonel Edward Rich. Sprigg 
(cir. 1818-73), attacks Sibley, 
195. 
murdered in Modoc War, 231. 
Canonicus (cir. 1.56.5-1647), Narra- 

gansett chief, 39. 
Cape Verde Islands, secret expedition 

to, 16. 
Caravels, view of, 18. 



INDEX. 



341 



Carolina, North, 21, 24, 54, 124. 
adopts Constitution, 109. 
recovered, 103. 
secession. LSfil, 174. 
Settlement oC, 5;?. 
South, 54, 103, 21S. 

nullification, 1832, 140. 
recovered, 103. 
settlement of, 53. 
Carolinas, the, made roval provinces, 
1729, 55. 
so named after King Charles, 54. 
Caroline, the, destroyed, 1837, 144. 
Carpenters' Hall, Phila., view, 74. 
Carteret Colony, 1670, 54. 
Sir George (cir. 1600-79), 49. 
his death, 50. 
Cartier, Jacques (1494-cir. 1552), his 

explorations, 24. 
Casev. Lieutenant Edward VV., his 

death, 1890, 242. 
Cass, General Lewis (1782-1866), de- 
feated as Presidential candi- 
date, 1848, 155. 
Cedar Creek, Federals defeated, 1864, 

214. 
Cemetery Hill, 206. 
Eidge, 206. 
Pickett's ciiarge, 207. 
Census, first, 1790, 113. 
Centennial, the, exhibition, 1876, 

232. 
Cerro Gordo, defeat of Mexicans, 

1847, 153. 
Chadd's Ford, Washington defeated, 

1777, 87. 
Chalcos, Lake, 153. 
Chambersburg, Pa., 204. 
Lee arrives at, 204. 
partly burned, 1864, 214. 
Champlain, Lake, 86, 125. 
battle on, 1814, 130. 
discovered, 25. 
Samuel (1567-1635), 25. 
called " Father of New France," 

25. 
settles Quebec, 25. 
Chancellorsville, Marye House, view, 

203. 
Chapultepec, 192. 

stormed, 1847, 1.53. 
Charles IL of England (16.30-85), 49, 

51, 146. 
Charleston. .55, 173, 244. 

attacked by British fleet, 1776, 81. 
captured, 1780. 99. 
earthquakes, 1886, 239. 
failure of attack on, 1863, 200. 



Charleston fired and evacuated, 1865, 
218. 
still held after the war, 108. 
tea stored at and spoiled, 73. 
troops ordered to, 1832, 141. 
Charleston harbor, 164. 
Charter Oak, the, 46. 
Charters of English companies, 29. 
" The Great Charter," 33. 
the third in 1612, 33. 
Chattanooga, 197. 

evacuated by Bragg, 1863, 196. 
occupied by Federals, 199. 
victory, 1863, 198. 
Cherbourg, France, battle of Ala- 
bama, 1864, 216. 
Chesapeake and Shannon, conflict be- 
tween, 126. 
Chesai)eake Bay, 21, 1.30. 

■John Smith's voyages, 31. 
Chesapeake, the, captured, 126. 
fired on by the Leopard, 119. 
Chicago, Anarchist troubles, 1886, 239. 
Auditorium Block, 1892, view, 229. 
disturbances, 1877, 233. 
great fire, 1871, 229. 
Chickahominy River, 31, 191, 193. 
Chickamauga, battle, 1863, 196. 
Chinese immigration, bill forbidding, 

1882, 236. 
Chippewa, British defeated, 1814, 129. 
Churubusco stormed, 1847, 153. 
City Point, 218. 

Civil Service examinations, 237. 
Civil War, 1861-6.5, 170, 245. 
a year of battles, 1862, 195. 
campaign in the East, 189, 201. 
in the West, 177. 
in the West, 1862, 178. 
in the West, 1863, 199. 
on sea and coast, 185. 
on water, 1863, 200. 
cost of, 224. 
desultorv fighting in the West, 

1862, 195. 
discouragement of the North, 

193.' 
four executions for assassination 

of Lincoln, 225. 
Getty.sburg its turning-jioint, 

208. 
great task of the North, 179. 
inevitable, 170. 

movements in Soutli-west, 1862, 
182. 
in South-west, 1864, 215. 
number of Confederate deaths, 
etc., 224. 



342 



INDEX. 



Civil War, iiuml)cr of TTnioii deaths, 
etc., 224. 
ou coast and Soutli-vvest, 178. 
only one execution followed, 225. 
opened, 174. 

operations on water, 1864, 215. 
Peace Convention, 1861, 171. 
proclamation of pardon, 22(). 
situation in South-west, 181. 
Southern ports, 180. 
Union successes, 18()3, 199. 
universal amnesty, 1868, 226. 
work for 1864, 208. 
for 1865, 217. 
Clarendon, Lord, 54. 
Clark, Captain William (1770-1838), 
118. 
explores Oregon, 1804, 109. 
Clay, Henry (1777-1852), 135. 

and Missouri Compromise, 134. 
further compromise measures, 

141. 
his "Omnibus Bill," 156. 
portrait, 134. 
Clayborne, William, 54. 
Clermont, the, first steamboat, view, 

244. 
Cleveland, Grover (1837 ), ad- 
ministration, 1885-89, 237. 
defeated as Presidential candi- 
date, 1888, 240. 
elected twenty-second President, 

1884, 237. 
note on life of, 237. 
portrait, 2.38. 
Clinton, George (1739-1812), 124. 

elected Vice-President, 1808, 120. 
Gen. Sir Henry (1738-95), 82, 93, 
102, 103. 
and Benedict Arnold, 99. 
succeeds (ieueral Howe, 91. 
Coasting. 66. 

Cobb, Howell (1815-68), resigns Fed- 
eral oftice, 164. 
Cock-fighting, 66. 
Cod, Cape, 27. 
Cold Harl)or, Grant repulsed, 1864, 

212. 
Colfax, Schuvler (1823-85), elected 

Vice-President, 1868, 227. 
Colleges, 66. 

Colonial times, church service, 65. 
cooking and food, 64. 
dress, 65. 

entertainments, 66. 
furniture and windows, 61. 
liomes of our forefathers, (j.'i. 
law and punishments, 66. 



Colonial times, life in, 63. 
means of travel, 66. 
schools, 65. 

want of education, 6(). 
whipping in schools, (J5. 
Colonies, disjjutes between English 
and French, .57. 
Southern, overrun, 93. 
"war-spirit in 1774, 73. 
Colonists slain by Indians, 1644, 35. 
Colorado, 168. 

becomes thirtv-eighth State, 1876, 
232. 
Columbia surrendered and l)urnt, 
1865, 218. 
College, founded 1754, 67. 
District of, slave-trade aljolished, 

1.56. 
Eiver, 169. 
explored, 118. 
Columbus, 178, 181, 183. 

disturbances, 1877, 233. 
Columbus. Christopher (cir. 14.35- 
1506), at Court of Portugal, 
16. 
at Spanish Court, 17. 
first sight of land, 18. 
geographical belief of, 15. 
his I)irth and education, 15. 
his death, 1.506, 19. 
his first vovasje, 17. 
landing, Oct. 12, 1492, 19. 
l)ortrait, 16. 
returns to Sjjain, 19. 
sails on first voyage, 17. 

under fiag of Spain, 20. 
three other voyages, 19. 
Commercial panic, 1837, 142-144. 
Concord, colonial military stores at- 
tacked, 74. 
houses with military stores, view, 
75. 
Coneinaugh Valley, 241. 
Confederate States, collai)se of Con- 
federacy, 222. 
Confederacy again cut in twain, 

211. 
Confederate White House, view, 

182. 
electoral vote, 1862, 182. 
flag unfurled, 1861. 163. 
formation of, 171. 
formation of government of, 

162. 
naval forces surrendered, 1865, 

222. 
privateers, 201. 
fate of, 217. 



INDEX. 



343 



Confederate States recognized as ))el- 
ligereiit by Eiijiland, 178. 
as belligerent by France, 178. 
Secession ordinances repealed, 

225. 
seize government property, 164. 
successes, 18(j2, 178, 191. 
Congress, first Continental, 1774, 74. 
flies from riiiladel|ihia, i^'>. 
removed to Pliiladelpliia, ]7!ti), 112. 
returns thanks for Independence, 

105. 
second Continental, 1775, 77. 
CoiKjress, the, tight with Merrimae, 
186. 
the, surrendered to Merrimae, 187. 
Connecticut Colony, unites with 
others, 164;i, 42. 
settlement of, 45. 
Valley, attat-ks by Indians, 43. 
Conner, Commodore, 15.3. 
Constitution, adopted 1787, 108. 
fifteenth amendment, negroes to 

vote, 1870, 230. 
Madison, last survivor of signers 

of, 142. 
thirteenth amendment, abolishing 

slavery, 1865, 225. 
when adopted t)v each State, 10!). 
Cimstitiitiiin, battle's of the, 123. 
Con treras stormed, 1847, 153. 
Corinth, Confederates repulsed, 1862, 
184. 
Halleck takes possession, 1862, 183. 
Cornwallis, Cliarles, Lord \ 1738-1805), 
83, 85, 100, 102. 
at Yorktown, 103. 
surrender, 1781, 104. 
Cotton-gin, 245. 
Council of War, portraits, 211. 
Cowpens, battle, 1781, 102. 
Craig, Fort, ]<I5. 
Creek Indians, 137. 

defeated at Horseshoe Bend, 120. 
troubles with, 128. 
Croghan, Major George (1791-1849), 
his defence of Fort Stephen- 
son, 181.3, 126. 
Crook, General, 67. 
Cross Kevs, Fremont defeated, 1862, 

191. 
Crown Point, Fort, 61. 
captured, 1775, 78. 
evacuated, 1777, 86. 
Cuba, revolt of, 1.57. 
Cundierland Gap, 181. 
Cnmherlnnd, the, destroyed by Merri- 
mae, 186. 



Curtis, General Samuel E. (cir. 1807- 
66), defeats Van Horn, 1^5. 

Cushing, Lieutenant William B. (cir. 
1842-74), destroys the Albe- 
marle, 217. 

Custer, General George A. (18.39-76), 
death, 1876, 231. 

D. 

Dade, Major, 141. 
Dakota, Modocs removed to, 231. 
North, becomes thirty-ninth State, 

1889, 243. 
South, becomes fortieth State, 1889, 
243. 
Dale, Sir Thomas, governor of Vir- 
ginia, 33. 
Dallas, George Mifflin (1792-1864), 
elected Vice-President, 1844, 
148. 
Dalton, Ga., Johnston at, 209. 
Dancing, 66. 
Dare, Virginia, 26. 
Dartmouth College, founded, 1769, 67. 
Davis, Jeff'erson (1808-89), capture 
and release, 222. 
elected President of Confederate 

States, 1861, 163. 
his death, 1889, 243. 
note on life of, 163. 
portrait, 163. 

prosecution dropped, 1869, 222. 
receives telegram, 220. 
unanimously re-elected Presi- 
dent, 1862, 182. 
Dayton, William Lewis (1807-64), de- 
feated as Vice-Presidential 
candidate, 1856, 159. 
De Monts (1560 1611), 25. 
De Narvaez. See Narraez. 
De Soto, Hernando (cir. 1496-1542), 
burial of, view, 22. 
dies, 1542, 23. 
his explorations, 23. 
Dearborn, Fort, massacre, 1812, 166. 
now C'hicago, 166. 
Gen. Henry (1751-1H29), 125. 
Decatur, Commodore Stephen (1779- 
1820), 117, 132. 
killed by Barron in duel, 119. 
portrait, 117. 

shut in at New London, 126. 
victory of, 124. 
Decimal system of currency intro- 
duced, 1783, 117. 
Declaration of Independence adopted 
July 4, 1776, 81. 



344 



INDEX. 



Declaration of Iiuk'i)endcnce. See 
Kujners. 
of Eights, 1765, 72. 
Delaware county, N. Y., jtroclaimed 
in state of insurrection, 147. 
Delaware, first settleiuent in, 4!), 51. 
f^ranted to William I'enn, 51. 
under Penn's rule, 53. 
Delaware, Lord, 33. 
Delaware Eiver, 27, 48. 

Washington's arujy crosses, 1776, 
84. 
Democrats, 111, 114, 136, 140, 145, 
148, 155, 157, 159, 162, 217, 
228, 231, 232, 234, 237, 240. 
Detroit, settled, 1701, 167. 
surrender at, 1812, 122. 
Dinwiddle, Governor Eobert (cir. 

1690-1770), his protest, 58. 
Discovery, the, 30. 
Donelson, Fort, 182. 

surrendered to Federals, 1862, 
181. 
"Don't give up the ship," 126, 128. 
Dorchester Heights, fortified, 80. 
Dorr, Thomas Wilson (1805-54), 
chosen governor of Ehode 
Island, 146. 
his rebellion, 1841-43, 146. 
Douglas, Stephen Arnold (1813-61), 
162. 
his bill in Congress, 158. 
Dover, settlements near, 1623, 45. 

Downie, Commodore ( 1814), his 

defeat and death, 130. 
Drake, Sir Francis (1540-96), 26. 
Dred Scott decision, 1857, 160. 
DuPont, Admiral Samuel Francis 
(1803-65), defeated at 
Charleston, 200. 
Duquesne, Fort, 59. 

captured by English, 61. 
Dutch East India Company, explora- 
tions, 47. 

E. 

Early, Jubal A. (1816 ), defeated 

Wallace, 1864, 214. 
his defeats, 1864, 214. 
Eartluiuakes, 239. 
Earth-works, 13. 
Edmunds, Senator, his bill against 

Mormons, 236. 
Education, cost of, 244. 
Edward, Fort, evacuated, 1777, 86. 
Elizabeth, queen of England (1533- 

1603), 26. 



Elizabethtown, English settlement, 

1664, 50. 
Emancipation Proclamation, Jan. 1, 

1863, 196. 
Embargo Act, 1807, 119. 
repealed, 1S()9. 12(1. 
England alarnu'd, 1778, 91. 
explorations in America, 25. 
first permanent settlement, James- 
town, 30. 
settlement in America, 28. 
religious persecution in, 37. 
repulse at Ticonderoga, 61. 
retaliatory measures, 1773, 73. 
See Great Britnhi. 
sends out expeditions, 20. 
English, William H. (1822 ), de- 
feated as Vice-Presidential 
candidate, 1880, 234. 
Eric the Eed, 14. 
Ericssen, John, 187. 
Erie Canal opened, 1825, 138. 
Lake, 138. 

victory on, 1813, 127. 
Penna., 58. 
Estaing, Charles Hector, Count D' 

(1729-94), 93, 94. 
European wars. United States sutlers 

from, 118. 
Ewell, Eichard Stoddard (cir. 1818- 
72), 191. 
at Gettysburg, 206. 

F. 

Fair Oaks, battle, 1862, 191. 
Faneuil Hall, Boston, view, 72. 
Farragut, Captain David Ctlascoe 
(1801-70), made admiral, 
1866, 226. 
Mobile captured, 1864, 216. 
portraits, 189, 211. 
receives surrender of New 

Orleans, 189. 
runs Vicksburg batteries, 189. 
Federalists, 111, 113, 132. 

nicknamed " Blue Lights," 127. 
Federals, retreat. 1862, 193. 
Fenian troubles, 1866, 226. 
Ferdinand and Isabella, 19. 
fighting the Moors, 17. 
Ferdinand V. of Spain (1452-1516), 

17. 
Fili])ustering expedition, 1853, 159. 
Fillmore, Millard (1800-74), admin- 
istration, 1849-.53, 155. 
becomes thirteenth President, 
155. 



INDEX. 



345 



Fillmore, Millard, elected Vice-Pres- 
ident. 1848, 155. 
note on life of, 155. 
portrait, 157. 
Fisheries disi)ate, settled against 

United States, 1878, 234. 
Fisher's Hill, Early ronted, lS(i4, 214. 
I'ive Forks, attack by Lee, 1865, 220. 
Florida, 141, 218. 
becomes twenty-seventh State, 

1845, 148, 167. 
boundary fixed, 113. 
discovered, 21. 
its history, 167. 
purchased, 1820, 134. 
secession, 163. 

Territory of East Florida organ- 
ized. 1822, 167. 
of West Florida organized, 1822, 
167. 
Florida, tlie, seized at Bahia, Brazil, 

217. 
Floyd, John Buchanan (1805-63), re- 
signs Federal office, 164. 
Foote, Commodore Andrew Hull 
(1806-63), and Island No. 10, 
183. 
at Fort Donelson, 181. 
Fortune, the, lands colonists, 1621, 39. 
Fox Indians, 141. 

France acknowledges independence 
of America, 91. 
assistance from, 1778, 91. 
explorations in America, 24. 
French and Indian War, 1754-63, 

57. 
further aid from, 101. 
sends out expeditions, 20. 
trouble with, 114. 
trouble with French minister, 113. 
war averted, 1800, 115. 
Franciscan monks and California, 

168. 
Franklin, 191. 

Franklin, Benjamin (1706-90), and 
the lightning-rod, 245. 
note on his life, 90. 
Eraser's Farm, assault on Federals, 

193. 
Fredericksburg, 191, 202. 
Burnside repulsed, 1862, 195. 
plan of battlefield, map, 202. 
Sumner's crossing, view, 203. 
Free-Soilers, 1.55, 162. 
Free trade, 134. 
Fremont, GeTi. John Charles (1813- 

), 168, 177. 

conquers California, 152. 

24 



Fremont, Gen. John Charles, defeated 
as Presidential candidate, 
1856, 1.59. 
defeated at Cross Keys, 191. 

French and Indian War, money ex- 
pended, 71. 
Ci'eek, Frencli fort at, 58. 

Frenchtown on the Raisin, 125. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin (1536-94), sails 
in 1576, 25. 

FroVir, the, fight of, 124. 

Fugitive Slave Law, the, 156, 157. 

Fulton, Robert (1765-1815), his steam- 
boat, New York to Albany, 
118. 
Itortrait, 118. 

Fundy, Bay of, 60. 

Funerals, (i6. 

Fur-trade, 169. 

G. 

Gage, General Thomas (1721-87), 74, 
77. 
last roval governor of Mass., 73. 
Gaines's Mill, 193. 

Galveston recaptured by Confeder- 
ates, 1863, 201. 
Garfield. James Abram (1831-81), ad- 
ministration, 1881-85, 235. 
assassinated, 1881, 235. 
elected twentieth President, 

1880, 234. 
his death, 1881, 235. 
note on life of, 234. 
portrait, 235. 
Gates, General Horatio (1728-1806), 
78, 86, 102. 
career of, 99, 100. 
portrait, 87. 
Geneva arbitration, 230. 
Geographical knowledge five hun- 
dred years ago, 15. 
George, Lake, 86. 

II. of England (1683-1760), .5,5. 

George's War, 1744-48, 57. 

III. of England (1738-1820), 72, 

108. 
Georgia, 218. 
conquered, 1779, 93. 
made a royal province, 1752, 55. 
only colony not at first Congress, 

74. 
recovered, 103. 
secession, 163, 171. 
settlement of, 53, 55. 
so named after George II., 55. 
subjugated, 1778, 93. 



346 



INDEX. 



Georgia traversed, 23. 

Georgia, the, seized off Portugal, 217. 

(ieniiantown, 133. 

Wasliiiigtoii defeated, 1777, 87. 
Geionimo, leader of the A{)aches, 240. 
Gerry, Elbridge (1744-1814), elected 

Vice-President, 1812, 124. 
Gettysburg, battle, 1863, 204-208. 
first day, 205. 
second day, 205, 206. 
third day, 206-208. 
Devil's Den, view, 206. 
map of batth'field, 205. 
"the wheat-field," view, 207. 
Ghent, treaty of peace, 1814, 131 
Gibson, Fort, Peuibertou defeated, 

1863, 199. 
(iilbcrt. Sir Huni])hrey (1539-84\ 25. 
Gillmore, General Quincy Adarus 

(cir. 1825 ), captures 

Fort Wagner, 1863, 200. 
Gist, Cliristopher, 59. 
i'anious guide, 58. 
Godfrey, Thomas (1704-49), invented 

quadrant, 245. 
God-speed, the, 30. 

Gold, amount received from Cali- 
fornia, 154. 
discovered in California, 1848, 154. 
Goldsboro', N. C, Sherman sets out 

for, 1865, 218. 
Gorges, Sir Ferdiuando (cir. 1565- 
1647), settlement of Maine, 
45. 
Governor's Island, 238. 
Graham, William A. (1800-75), de- 
feated as Vice-Presidential 
candidate, 1852, 157. 
Grand Kiver, South Dakota, 241. 
Grant, Gen. Ulysses Simpson (1822- 
85 \ 184, 185, 209, 214. 
administration, 1869-77, 228. 
advance, 1864, 212. 
at Chattanooga, 197, 198. 
at Columbus, 178. 
at Fort Donelson, 181. 
battle of Shiloh, 183. 
called "man for the times," 

229. 
campaign against Lee, 1865, 
219. 

Kichmond, 211. 
change of plan, 1864, 212. 
conference with Sherman, 1865, 

218. 
elected eighteenth President, 

1868, 227. 
his death, 1885, 238. 



Grant, Gen. Ulysses Simpson, Irs 
tour round the world, 234. 
inauguration, ISfJii, 228. 
in comnumd, 1862, 182. 
lieutenant-general of all the 

armies, 1864, 208. 
made general, 1866, 226. 
note on life of, 228. 
opened and clo.sed Centennial 
! Exhibition, 232. 

I portraits, 211, 228. 

I receives surrender of Lee, 221. 

I re-elected President, 1872, 230. 

siege of Vicksburg, 1863, 199. 
Great Britain, alleged right of 
search, 119. 
I and her colonies, 82. 

I fisheries (lisjjute, 1878, 234. 

1 oppressive measures by Parlia- 

ment, 35. 
I See England. 

j strength of navv, 122. 

war declared against, 1812, 121. 
War of 1812, 120. 125, 129. 
i Greeley, Horace (1811-72\ defeated 
; as Presidential candidate, 

1872, 2.30. 
his death, 231. 
portrait, 231. 
Green Bav, settled, 1745, 168. 
' Greene. Gen. Nathaniel ( 1742-86), 103. 
j character and services in 

South, 102. 
portrait, 102. 
Greenland, settlement of, 14. 
Gregg, Fort, 220. 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty, 1848, 154. 
Gnerriere, the, surrender, 123. 
Guilford Court-house, Americans de- 
feated, 1781, 103. 
Guiteau, Charles Julius (1841-82), as- 
sassinates Garfield, 235. 
hanged, 1882, 235. 
Gunboat running the batteries, view, 

200. 
Gunboats, narrow escape of, 215. 
Gunnery improved, 245. 

H. 

Half Moon, the, voyage of, 47. 

Halifax, Nova Scotia, 80. 

Halleck, General Henry Wasjer (1814- 

72), 178. 
takes possession of Corinth, 

1862, 183. 
Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804\ 

killed in duel with Burr, 117. 



INDEX. 



347 



Hamilton, Alexaiider, portrait, 111. 

Secretary of Treasury, 111. 
Hamliu, Hannibal (1809 ), elect- 
ed Vice-President, 18(30, 1«2. 
Hampton, General Wade (1755-1835), 
125. 
Roads, 186. 
map, 186. 
Hancock, General Winfield Scott 
( 1824-86), at Gettysburg, 206. 
defeated as Presidential candi- 
date, 1880, 234. 
his death, 1886, 238. 
Hanover Court-house, capture of. 190, 
191. 
Stonewall Jackson at, 193. 
Harlem Heights, 83. 
Harper's Ferry, 191. 

cai)tured by Confederates, 175. 
John Brown's fort, raid, 1859, 161. 
view, 161. 
Harpsichord at Mt. Vernon, view, 66. 
Harriet Lane, the, 201. 
Harrison, Benjamin (1833 ), ad- 
ministration, 1889-93, 241. 
elected twenty-third President, 

1888, 240. 
note on life of, 240. 
portrait, 241. 
Gen. William Henry (1775-1841), 
125, 128. 
administration, 1841-45, 145. 
elected ninth President, 1840, 

145. 
his death, 1841, 145. 
note on life of, 145. 
portrait, 144. 

victory at the Thames, 128. 
at Tippecanoe, 120. 
Harrison's Landing, 193. 
Hartford, 131. 

founded, 1635, 45. 
Harvard College, founded, 1636, 67. 
Hatteras, Cape, 26. 

Inlet, N.C.,fortscaptured,1861, 178. 
Havana, 178. 

execution of Lopez, 157. 
Hayes, Rutherford Bui-chard (1822- 

), elected nineteenth 

President, 1876, 232. 
note on life of, 2.32. 
portrait, 233. 

uneventful administration, 
1877-Hl, 233. 
Hayti colonized, 19. 
Hendricks, Tliomas A. (1819 85), de- 
feated as Vice-Presidential 
candidate, 1876, 232. 



Hendricks, Thomas A., elected Vice- 
President, 1884, 237. 
liis death, 1885, 238. 
Henry, Cape, 188. 

Fort, cai)tured by Federals, 1862, 

181. 
VII. of England (1456-1509), aids 

John Cabot, 20. 
Prof. Joseph (1797-1878), 149. 
Patrick (1736-99), his "liberty or 
death," 73. 
portrait, 73. 
Hermitage, Tenn., home of President 

Jackson, 155. 
Herold, David E., hanged, 1865, 

225. 
Hessians at battle of Trenton, 84. 
High Bridge, Appomattox, 221. 
Hisjianiola colonized, 19. 
Holland, Dutch claimed Connecticut, 
45. 
explorations in America, 27. 
governors, 48. 
early Dutch settlements, 50. 
privileges to land purchasers, 47. 
sends out expeditions, 20. 
settlements by the Dutch, 47. 
Holly Springs, Van Dorn destroys 

su])i)lics at, 185. 
Honduras, William Walker executed, 

159. 
Hood, General John B. (1831-79), de- 
feated by Thomas, 210. 
Hooker, Gen. Joseph (1819-79), 192, 
202. 
at Fredericksburg, 1863, 203. 
at :\Iissionary Ridge, 1863, 198. 
at Williamsburg, 189. 
cam])aign against Richmond, 

202. 
portrait, 198. 
Hornet, the, 126. 
Horse-racing, 66. 
Horseshoe Bend, defeat of Indians, 

1814, 129. 
Howe, Admiral Richard, Earl of 
(1725-99), 82, 93. 
Gen. Lord William (1729-1814), 82, 
91. 
at Bunker's Hill, 77. 
at Philadelphia, 1777-78, 88. 
captures Philadelphia, 1777, 87. 
evacuates Boston, 80. 
Hudson, Cai)t. Henry (1.550-1611 ), his 
explorations, 1609, 27, 47. 
Port, surrendered, 1K63, 200. 
River, exploration of, 47. 
first steamboat on, 118. 



348 



INDEX. 



Hudson River, from Water Battery, 

West Point, view, 100. 
Hull, ("apt. Isaac (1775-1843), com- 
mander of the Constitution, 
1-24. 
Gen. William (1753-1825), 124. 
cowardly surrender by, 122. 
Hunter, General David (1802-86), 
178, 214. 
defeats Confederates at Pied- 
mont, 213. 

I. 

Iceland, settlement of, 14. 

Idaho becomes forty-third State, 

1890, 243. 
Illinois becomes twenty-first State, 
1818, 137, 166. 
its history, 166. 
Imported goods, duties on, 140. 
Independence obtained, 105. 
Independence Day, Adams, John, 
died on, 1826, 137. 
Jefferson, Thomas, died on, 1826, 

137. 
Monroe, James, died on, 1831,142. 
India, trade with, by caravans, 15. 
Indian corn, 39. 

Indiana becomes nineteenth State, 
1816, 137, 166. 
its history, 166. 
Indianapolis, 238. 

Indians, Columbus so calls the na- 
tives, 19. 
conquest of, 1794, 112. 
hostile on frontier, 1789, 111. 
increase of, 67. 
migratory, 68. 
of Canada assist the French ( 1689- 

97), 56. 
on the war-path, 68. 
susceptible to education, 69. 
the Indian problem, 69. 
the North American, 67. 
their conception of heaven, 69. 
endurance, 67. 
oratory, 69. 
wrongs, 68. 
treatment of their women, 68. 
troubles in Minnesota, 1862, 196. 
with, 1811, 120. 
■with, 1835, 141. 
war of extermination, 1644, 35. 
Inventions of Americans, 244. 
Iowa, 147. 
becomes twenty-ninth State, 1846, 
148, 168. 



Iowa, its history, 168. 

organized as a Territory, 1838, 168. 

Iroquois Indians assist the English 

(1689-97), 56. 

Sullivan's campaign against, 

1778, 95. 

Irwinsville, Ga., Davis captured, 

1865, 222. 
Isabella of Castile and Spain (1450- 
1.504), wife of Ferdinand V., 
17. 
portrait, 17. 

promised to help Columbus, 17. 
Island No. 10 surrendered, April 7, 

1862, 183. 
luka, 184, 198. 

J. 

Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845), ad- 
ministration, 1829-.37, 139. 
and the United States Bank, 140. 
characteristics of, 139. 
elected seventh President, 1828, 

139. 
first governor of Florida, 134. 
his death, 1845, 154. 
his victory at New Orleans, 1815, 

131. 
nicknamed "Old Hickory," 140. 
note on life of, 139. 
portrait, 139. 

re-elected President, 1832, 140. 
strong measures, 141. 
subdues Creek Indians, 1814, 129. 
Gen. Thomas Jonathan (1826-63', 
called "Stonewall," 191. 
defeated at Pemberton, 1863, 

199. 
defeats Pope, 1862, 194. 
his death, 202-204. 
Jackson, Tenn., General Beauregard 

at, 181. 
Jalapa entered by Americans, 1847, 

1.53. 
James River, 193, 212, 213. 
ascended by colonists, 30. 
so named after James I., 30. 

I. of England (1566-1625), 35. 
grant of Virginia, 28. 

II. of England (1(>.33-1701), his re- 

strictions, 49. 
Jamestown burned, 36. 

during "Starving Time" (1609- 

10), 32. 
first legislative body in America, 

1619, 34. 
founded, 1607, 30. 



A 



INDEX. 



349 



Jamestown, ruins of, view, 3fi. 
saved, 33. 

warned of threatened massacre, 35. 
Jasper. Sergeant William (1750-79), 

his death, 91. 
Java, the, defeated, VIA. 
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1820), ad- 
ministration, lbOl-09, 116. 
demands satisfaction of Great 

Britain, 119. 
elected third President, 1800, 

115. 
elected Vice-President, 114. 
his death, 1826, 137. 
note on life of, 115-117. 
jjortrait, 116. 

writer of Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 82. 
Jersey, divided into East and West, 
1674, 50. 
sold to Penn and Quakers, 50. 
Jesuits, their missionaries founded 

St. Mary, 1668, 167. 
John II. (1455-95), king of Portugal, 
16. 
tries to cheat rohimhus. 16. 
Johnson, Andrew (ls()S-75), acquit- 
ted on iiMpeaclmient, 226. 
administration, 1865-69, 223. 
becomes seventeenth President, 

1865, 224. 
dissatisfaction with, 226. 
elected Vice-President, 1864, 217. 
impeached, 1868, 226. 
note on life of, 224. 
l)ortrait, 223. 
Kichard Mentor (1780-1850), elect- 
ed Vice-President, 1836, 142. 
Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney (1803- 
62), 181. 
his death at Shiloh, 183. 

Gen. Joseph Eggleston (1809 ), 

199. 
at Bull Run, 176. 
defeated at Jackson, 1863, 199. 
his death, 1891, 243. 
manoBuvres with Sherman, 209. 
repulsed at Williamsburg, 189. 
restored to command, 1865, 218. 
Sherman's friend, 224. 
surrendered, 1865, 222. 
to unite with Lee, 1865, 219. 
wounded at Fair Oaks, 1862, 
192. 
Johnstown flood, 1889, 241. 

to-day, view, 242. 
Jones, I'aul (1747-92), exploits of, 95. 
medal struck in his honor, 97. 



Jones, Paul, portrait, 95. 
subsequent career, 97. 

K. 

Kalb, Johaun (self-stvled Baron von 

de) (1732-80)', 90. 
Kansas, 168. 
becomes thirty-fourth State, 1861, 

169. 
civil war in, 158, 169. 
conflict on slavery, 160. 
its history, 169. 
Territory organized, 1854, 1.58. 
Katlierhie of Clermont, first steamboat, 

118. 
Kearney, General Philip (1815-62), 

152, 168. 
Kearsarge, the, battle with Alahama, 

216. 
Kenesaw Mountain, Federals re- 
pulsed, 1864, 209. 
Kennebec River, 45. 
Kentucky abandoned by Confedei*- 
ates, 182. 
becomes fifteenth State, 1792, 113. 
gained by Federals, 183. 
its history, 165. 

signifies " dark and bloody 
ground," 165. 
Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843), wrote 
" Star - spangled Banner,"' 
131. 
Kinetoscope, 245. 

King, Samuel W., chosen governor 
of Rhode Island, 146. 
William Rufus (1786-1853), elected 
Vice-President, 1852, 157. 
Kingston, Canada, fort captured by 

English, 60. 
Knoxville, siege raised, 1863, 199. 

L. 

Labor disturbances, 238. 

troubles, 1877, 233. 
Labrador discovered, 21. 
La Fayette, General, Maniuis de 
(1757-1834), 90, 103. 
portrait, 90. 

returns from France, 101. 
visit of, 1824, 135. 
Lancaster, Pa., 227. 
La Paz, 159. 

La Salle, Robert (cir. 1635-87), the ex- 
plorer, settled Illinois, 166. 
Laudonniere, Captain (Kith cent.) 
his colony, 24. 



350 



INDEX. 



La Vega captured, 151. 
Lawrence, Cajjtain Jaraes ( 1781-1813), 
capture of the Peacock, 126. 
his death, 126. 

his "Don't give up the ship," 
126, 128. 
Le Boeuf, 58. , 

Leavenworth, Fort, 152. 
Lee, Gen. Charles (1731-82), dis- 
missed from the army, 92. 
his treachery, 92. 
Gen. Henry (1756-1816), 100. 

called "Light-hor.se Harrv," 
192. 
Gen. Robert Edward (1806-70), 162, 
202. 
aggressive campaign, 1862-63, 

194. 
assumes supreme command, 

1865, 218. 
at Fredericksburg, 203. 
at Gettysburg, 204-208. 
de-serts the Union, 171. 
his plan, 1865, 219. 
hopeless resistance, 1865, 220. 
note on life of, 192. 
portrait, 192. 
president of Washington and 

Lee University, 224. 
retreat from Gettvsburg, 1863, 

208. 
retreats, 1864, 212. 
second invasion of North, 1863. 

204. 
surrender, 1865, 221. 
takes command of Confeder- 
ates, 192. 
temporary advantage, 18()5, 

219. 
wounded at Chapultepec, 192. 

Leisler, Captain Jacob ( 1691), 

his execution, 49. 
Leon, Ponce de (1460-1521), discovers 

Florida, 21. 
Leopard, the, fires on the Chesapeake, 

1807, 119. 
Letter-postage reduced, 1885, 237. 
Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804, 
118, 169. 
Capt. Meriwether (1774-1809), 118. 
explores Oregon, 1804, 169. 
Lexington, Mass., battle, 1775, 74-7(). 
its shot- "was heard round the 

world," 75. 
reinforcenu'uts from Boston, 75. 
Lexington, ]\Io., surrender of Colonel 

Mulligan, 1861, 177. 
Liberal Republicans, 230. 



Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, 
view, 82. 
statue of. dedicated, 1886, 239. 
view, 239. 
•' Light-horse Harry," 192. 
Lightniiig-nid, 245. 
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-65), admin- 
istration, 1861-65, 170, 178, 
196, 208, 217. 
assassinated, 1865, 221. 
call for more men, 18()2-63, 194. 
early home of, at Gentryville, 

view, 172. 
elected sixteenth President, 1860, 

162, 172. 
his call for volunteers, 174. 
inauguration, 1861, 171. 
note on life of, 172. 
portraits, 170, 211. 
re-elected President, 1864, 217. 
Gen. Benjamin (1733-1810), 104. 
besieges Savannah, 93. 
Literature and art, 245. 
Little Belt, engagement with the Pres- 
ident, 121. 
Logan, John A. (1826-86), defeated 
as Vice-Presidential candi- 
date, 1884, 237. 
London Compauy, 28. 

expedition of, 1606, 29. 

fleet of, 30. 

grants the great charter, 1618, 

33. 
its charter, 29. 

London Council abolished, 33. 
Long Island, British victorv, 1776, 
8.3. 

Longstreet, Gen. James (1821- • ), 

202. 
at Chickamauga, 196. 
at Gettvsburg, 18(!3. 206. 
reiiulsed, 1863, 199. 
wounded by his own men, 212. 
Lookout Mountain, attack on, 1863, 

198. 
Lopez expedition, 157. 

General Narcisso (1799-1851), exe- 
cuted, 157. 
Loudon, Fort, settlement at, 1756, 

165. 
Louisburg, cajiture of, view, 61. 

captured, 57, 60. 
Louisiana, 169, 225. 

becomes eighteenth State, 1812, 

137, 166. 
its historv, 166. 
purchase, 1803, 117, 169. 
secession, 163. 



INDEX. 



351 



Louisville, 184. 

Lundy's Laue, battle, 1814, 129. 
Lynchburg. 2i;i 

Lyon, General Nathaniel (1819-61), 
his death, 177. 

M. 

Macdonough, Conimodore Thomas 
(1784-1825', his uaval vic- 
tory, 1814, 1130. 
portrait, 130. 
Mucediinitni, the, 124, 12(). 
Mackinaw, Fort, captured, 122. 
Madison, James (1751-ls:j(j), elected 
fourth President. ISOS, 120. 
his administration, 1809-17, 120, 

12.5, 129. 
his death, 18:56, 142. 
last survivor of signers of Con- 
stitution, 142. 
note on life of, 120. 
portrait, 121. 

re-elected President, 1812, 124. 
Magellan, Ferdinand (cir. 1470-1.521\ 
sails idund the world, 22. 
Straits discovered, 1.520, 21. 
Magruder, General John Bankhead 

(cir. 1810-71), 189. 
Maine, 44. 
becomes twenty-third State, 1820, 

137, 167. 
boundary settled, 1842, 146. 
explored, 29. 
its histoiy, 1(57. 
. settlement of, 45. 
Maize, 39. 

Malvern Hill, Lee repulsed, 193. 
3Ifinnss,if<, the, 189. 
Manhattan Island. 161.3, 47. 

bought for 824, 48. 
Mankato, Indians hanged, 196. 
Manufactures, American, prohibited, 

70. 
Marietta, settlement at, 1788, 166. 
Mariner's compass, 15. 
Marion, General Francis (1732-95), 
the "Swam)) Fox," 100. 
in the South, 103. 
inviting British officers to din- 
ner, vieu', 101. 
Marshall, .lames W., discovers gold 

in California, 1.54. 
Marye House, Chancellorsville bat- 
tle-ground, view, 20:!. 
Maryland, asylum for the persecuted, 
.54. 
civil war raised by Clayborne, 54. 



Maryland, claims made by Virginia, 
,54. 
invaded by Lee, 1862, 194. 
made a royal province, 54. 
settlement of, 53. 
toleration in, 1715, 54. 
Mason, James Murray (cir. 1798- 
1871), arrest disavowed and 
returned, 178. 
taken from steamer Trent, 178. 
Captain John (1600-72), destrovs 
Pequods, 1637, 46. 
settlement of New Hampshire, 
45. 
Massachusetts, 44. 

exiles from, buy land, 46. 
form union of two colonies, 40. 
made a royal province, 1684, 44. 
other settlements formed, 40. 
settlements in, 37. 
supported by colonies, 74. 
twenty thousand settlers (1630-40), 
41. 
Massachusetts Bay Colonists, 41. 
Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes 
Massachusetts, 40. 
unites with others, 1643, 42. 
Massacre of colonists by Indians, 
1622, 35. 
of French colonists, 25. 

Massasoit ( 1661 >, his death, 42. 

his treaty of peace, 38. 
Matamoras, 149. 

captured, 1846, 151. 
Maumee, victory over Indians at, 

1794, 112. 
Maximilian (1832-67), executed, 1867, 

227. 
May, Captain, 1.50. 

Maytiower returns to England, 1621, 
39. 
sails from Holland, 1620, 37. 
McClellan, Gen. George Brinton 
(1826-85), at Fair Oaks, 191. 
at Yorktown, 189. 
commander of Army of Poto- 
mac, 176. 
defeated as Presidential candi- 
date, 1864, 217. 
his change of base, 192. 
his death, 1885, 238. 
portrait, 177. 

restored to command, 195. 
to place his army under Pope, 
194. 
McDowell, General Irwin (cir. 1818- 
85>, 191. 
defeated at Bull Bun, 176. 



352 



INDEX. 



Meachem, General ( ), 

treacherously wounded in 
Modoc War, 231. 
Meade, General George G. (1815-72), 
at Gettysburg, 204-208. 
campaign against Richmond, 

211. 
headquarters at Gettysburg, 

view, 204. 
portrait, 204. 
sent to Canada, 1866, 227. 
Mechanicsville, Lee's attack, 1862, 

193. 
Medal struck in honor of Paul Jones, 

cuts, 97. 
Meigs, Fort, besieged, 1813, 125. 
Memphis, 185. 

falls, 1862, 183. 
Memphis and Charleston Railway se- 
cured by Federals, 183. 
Menendez, Pedro, founded St. Au- 
gustine, 1565, 24. 
massacre of colonists, 25. 
Merrimac River, 45. 
Menimac, the, naval fight, 185-188. 
refitted by Confederates, 185. 
scuttled. 1861, 185. 
Messiah of Indians, 1890-91, 242. 
Mexico, 23, 14S. 

and Maximilian, 227. 
boundary readjusted, 1854, 159. 
conquered, 1847, 154. 
first conflict, 1846, 149. 
Gulf of, reached, 22. 
invaded by Winfield Scott, 151. 
land north of, explored, 118. 
march on, 1847, 153. 
monuments in, 13. 
revolution, 1822, 168. 
war witli, 1846, 149, 168, 192, 229. 
Miami, a British trading post, 58. 
Michigan, 166. 

becomes twentv-sixth State, 1837, 

142, 167. ' 
its history, 167. 

organized as a Territory, 1805, 167. 
Miles, General, takes command, 1891, 

242. 
Mimms, Fort, 129. 

massacre, 1813, 128. 
Minnesota, 166. 

becomes thirtv-seeond State, 1858, 

168. 
Indian troubles, 18(i2, 196. 
its history, 168. 

organized as a Territory, 1849, 168. 
Minnesota, the, 188. 
Mint established in Philadelphia, 112. 



Minuit, Peter, Dutch governor, 1626, 

48. 
Minute men, 73, 75. 
Missionary Ridge, battle, 1863, 198. 
Mississippi becomes twentieth State, 
1817, 137, 166. 
its history, 166. 
secession, 163. 
traversed, 23. 
Mississippi Central Railway, 185. 
Mississippi River, the " Father of 
Waters," 137, 166, 180. 
free navigation secured, 113. 
opened, dividing the Confeder- 
ates, 200. 
reached, 1,541, 23. 
Mississippi Valley, earth-works in, 
13. 
rapidly settled, 137. 
Missouri becomes twenty-fourth 
State, 1821, 134, 137," 167. 
its history, 167. 
"Missouri Compromise," 1821, 134, 
167. 
repealed, 18.54, 1.58. 
speech by Lincoln, 173. 
Mobile captured, 1864, 215. 

founded, 1711, 167. 
Mobile Bay, 167. 

Modoc Indians removed to Dakota 
reservation, 231. 
War, 1873, 231. 
Mohawk Valley, slaughter by In- 
dians, 1778, 95. 
Monitor and Merrimac, the, no person 
killed, several wounded, 188. 
view, 187. 
Monitor, the, arrives from New York, 
187. 
naval fight, 185-188. 
Monmouth, 1.33. 
Monmouth Court-house, battle, 1778, 

92. 
Monocacy, Wallace defeated at, 1864, 

214. 
Monroe Doctrine, 1823, 134. 
Monroe, Fortress, Va., 216. 

Davis imprisoned, 1865, 222. 
garri.soned by General Butler, 

175. 
McClellan lands at, 189. 
view, 175. 
Monroe, James (17.58-1831), adminis- 
tration of, 1817-25, 133. 
and "Monroe Doctrine," 135. 
elected fifth President, 1S16, 132. 
his death, 1H31, 142. 
note on life of, 132. 



\ 



INDEX. 



353 



Mouroe, James, portrait, 133. 

re-elected President, l,S-20, 136. 
Montana becomes fortv-first State, 

1889, 243. 
Montcalm, General (1712-59), death, 
1759, 63. 
defeated at Quebec, 1759, 61-63. 
Monterey, 229. 

fall of," 1846, 151. 
Montgomery, Ala., 163. 
Confederate States formed there, 

163. 
meeting of Confederates, 1861, 171. 
Montgomery, General Kichard (1737- 
75), attacks Quebec unsuc- 
cessfully, 80. 
his death, 80. 
portrait, 80. 
takes Montreal, 79. 
Montreal, 24. 

attack on, abandoned, 1813, 125. 
captured, 1760, 63. 
captured, 1775, 79. 
Morgan, General Daniel (1736-1802), 
wins battle of Cowpens, 102. 
Mormon Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, 

view, 147. 
Mormonism, measures against, 1882, 

236. 
Mormons, settled at Nauvoo, 1840, 

147. 
Morris Island, Gillmore lands on, 

1863, 200. 
Morristown, VVashingtou's winter 

quarters at, 86, 101. 
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791- 
1872), and the telegraph, 149. 

Morton, Levi P. ( ), elected 

Vice-President, 1888, 240. 
Moultrie, Fort, 81, 164. 

Osceola confined in, 141. 
Mound-Builders, 13. 
Mount Desert, settlement at, 25. 
Hope, death of Philip, 43. 
McCiregor, N. Y., death of Grant 

at, 238. 
Vernon, home of George Washing- 
ton, 106. 
Wa.shington dies at, 1]5. 
Washington's estate at, 109. 
Mulligan, Colonel James A. (1830- 
64), defence of Lexington, 
Mo.. 177. 
Murfreesboro', battle of, 1862-63, 184, 
196. 
General .Tohnston at. 181. 
Mystic Eiver. Pt'cjuod stronghold, 
46. 



Naddod, sea-rover, 14. 
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), 114, 
117, 118. 
III. (1808-73) and Mexico, 227. 
Narragansett Bay, 24, 93. 
Indians, 46. 
shelter Roger Williams, 42. 
war with, 43. 
Narvaez, Pamphilo de (1470-1528), 

lands, 1528, 22. 
Nashville, 181, 182, 184, 210. 
National Bank established in Phila- 
delphia, 111. 
Nauvoo, 111., Mormons driven from, 

1844, 147. 
Naval battle, view, 123. 
warfare, end of wooden war- vessels, 
188. 
Navigation Act, 1660, 36. 
and Massachusetts, 44. 
laws unjust and oppressive, 70. 
Navy, exploits of American, 123. 

grades revived, 226. 
Navy Island, Niagara River, New 

York insurgents at, 144. 
Nebraska becomes thirty-seventh 
State, 1867, 228. 
Territory organized, 1854, 158. 
Negroes, their vote, 226. 
Nevada, 168. 
becomes thirty-sixth State, 1864, 
217. 
New Amsterdam, 47. 

captured by English, 48. 
Newbern, 218. 

captured by Federals, 1862. 188. 
New Brunswick, formerly called 
Acadia, 60. 
quarters of British troops, 1777, 
86. 
Newburgh, N. Y., 106. 
Washington's headquarters at, 
view, 105. 
New England, 24. 

disaffection, 1814, 131. 

fresh colonies, 45. 

invasion, by French and Indians, 

.56. 
opposed to War of 1812, 121. 
united colonies of, 1643, 42. 
Newfoundland, 21, 227. 
New France, 24. 
New Hampshire, 132. 

made a royal province, 1741, 45. 

settlement of, 45. 

unites with Massachusetts, 45. 



354 



INDEX. 



New Haven Colony unites with Con- 
necticut, l(i62, 4(i. 
unites witli others, 1043, 42. 
New Jersey, 238. 

included in New Netherlands, 

49. 
made a royal i)rt)vinee, 1738, 51. 
retreat tlirouf<h, H3. 
settlement of, 49. 
united with New York, 50. I 

New Madrid, tieneral Polk at, 181. 
New Market, Sigel defeated, 1864, . 
213. I 

New Mexico, 156, 168, 195. | 

ceded to United States, 154. 
conquest of, 1H46, 152. 
New Netherlands include New Jer- 
sey, 49. 
so named, 1609, 27. 
so named, 1611, 47. 
New Orleans, 215, 243. 
ceded to Spain, 63. 
founded, 1718, 166. 
surrendered to Federals, 1862, 

188. 
victory at, 1815, 131. 
Newport attacked, 1778, 93. 
French blockaded at, 101. 
Newport, Cai)tain Christopher, 30. 
Newspapers, first dailv paper, 1792, 

67. 
New States admitted, 137. 
New Sweden so named, 1638, 51. 
New York, 24, 244. 

adopts Constitution, 109. 
anti-rent troubles. 146. 
British army at, 82. 
invasion bv French and Indians, 

56. 
New Jersey united with, 50. 
settlement of, 47. 
so named, 1664, 48. 
still lu'ld after the war, 108. 
New York Citv ceases to be the cap- 
ital, 1790, 112. 
harbor, 239. 

historv of, 48. j 

old Federal Hall, 110. 
present site of, 47. 
tea refused, 73. 
temporary capital, 110. 
Niagara frontier, 125. 
River, 122, 129, 144. 
Niagara, the, naval battle, 127. 
Nicaragua, (General Walker in, 159. 
Nicholson, Francis, lieutenant-gov 

ernor of New York, 49. 
Nina sails, Aug. 3, 1492, 17. 



Norfolk, 187. 
navy-yard, 185. 

captured by Confederates, 175. 
North and South, bitterness between, 
160. 
each united bv fall of Sumter, 

174. 
Southern leaders' views, 170. 
Union sentiment, 171. 
widening of breach between, 162. 
Northman ship, view, 14. 
Northmen, visits to America, 14. 
North-western Territory, 113, 166. 
Norway, Northmen natives of, 14. 
Nova Scotia (formerly Acadia), 44. 
ceded to England, 57. 
Port Roval captured, 56. 

founded, 1605, 25. 
See Acadia. 

o. 

Oglethorpe, General James Edward 
(1698-1785), his scheme, 55. 

O'Hara, General James (■ 1819), 

104. 
Ohio becomes seventeenth State, 
1803, 137, 166. 
disturbances, 1877, 233. 
its history, 166. 
Ohio River," 184. 

Old elm at Cambridge, view, 78. 
"Old Hickory," 140. 
"Old man eloquent," the, 136. 
"Old Rough and Ready," 155. 
"Omnibus Bill," the, 156. 
Ontario, Lake. 60, 125. 
Orange, Fort, at Albany, 47. 
Orchard Knob seized bv Thomas, 

1863, 198. 
Oregon, 231. 

becomes thirtv-third State, 1859, 

169. 
boundary settled, 154. 
its history, 169. 

organized as a Territory. 1848, 
169. 
Orinoco River, 19. 

Osceola (cir. 1803-37), captured by 
treachery, 68, 141. 
his death, 141." 
Seminole chieftain, 68. 

P. 

Pacific Ocean to belong to Spain, 
21. 
Railway completed, 1869, 228. 



INDEX. 



355 



Pakculuim, General Sir Edward 

( ItSlo), his defeat and 

death, 1815, 131. 
Pallas, the, 9(5. 
Palo Alto, •22!l. 

Mexieaiis defeated, 184G, 150. 
Panama, Isthmus of, 21. 
Paris treaty, 1763, 63. 

1783, 106. 
Patriot War in Canada, 1837, 144. 
" I'atroons," 146. 
Payne, Lewis. See Powell. 
Pea Eidge, Van Dorn defeated, 185. 
Peace Convention, 1861, 171. 
Pi-acmk; the, defeated, 1S13, 126. 
Pemherton, Gen. Jolui C. (cir. 1818- 
81), defeated at Fort Gibson, 
1863, 199. 
headquarters at Viekshurg, 

view, 185. 
shut up in Vieksburg, 1863, 

199. 
surrenders Vieksburg, 1863, 
200. 

Pendleton, George H. (182.5 ), 

defeated as Vice-Presidential 
candidate, isiil, 217. 
Penn, Admiral Sir William (1021-70), 
father of William Penn, 51. 
Penn, William (1644-1718), (iS. 
buys East Jersey, 50. 
his death, 1718, 5.3. 
his heirs sold their claims for 

$500,000, 53. 
his house, view, 51. 
his object, 51. 
his rule, .52. 
his theories, 52. 
his treaty with Indians, 53. 

view, 52. 
lands, 1682, 51. 
l)ortrait, .50. 

receives grant of land, 51. 
Pennsylvania, 52. 
settlement of, 49. 
University founded, 1749, 67. 
Pequods, destruction of, 45. 
I'ei'Ote, castle of, surrender, 1847, 153. 
Perry, Commodore Oliver Hazard 
(178.5-1820), portrait, 127. 
victory on Lake Erie, 1813, 
127. 
Perryville, battle, 1862, 184. 
" Personal Liberty " bills, 160. 
Peru, monuments in, 13. 
Petersburg, Va., 220. 

Lee's army at, 1865, 218. 
siege, 1864, 212. 



Philadelphia, 112, 244. 
captured, 1777. 87. 
ceases to be capital, 1800, 112. 
Congress flies from, 83. 
Convention for Constitution, 109. 
evacuated, 1778, 91. 
Fairuionnt Park, 1876, 232. 
first Continental Congress at, 74. 
founded, 51. 
Liberty Bell, view, 82. 
news of independence, 1781, 105. 
prosperity of, 53. 
second Continental Congress, 77. 
settlement near, 51. 
tea refused, 73. 
welcomes Washington, 1789, 110. 

Philip, Indian king ( 1676), 69. 

his death, 43. 
Philip's War, King, 42. 

peace restored, 44. 
Phipps, Sir William (1651-95), cap- 
tures Port Royal, 56. 
governor of Massachusetts, 44. 
Phonograph. 245. 

Pickens, Gen. Andrew (1739-1817), 
100. 
in the South, 103. 
Pickett, Geneial George E. (1825-75), 

charge, at Gettysburg, 20(i. 
Piedmont, Confederates defeated, 

1864, 213. 
Pierce, Franklin (1804-69), adminis- 
tration, 1853-57, 158. 
and Republican party, 1.59. 
elected fourteenth President, 

18.52. 157. 
note on life of, 157. 
l)ortrait, 158. 
Pike, General Zebulon Montgomery 
(1779-18131, attacks York 
(now Toronto), 1813, 12.5. 
killed, 12.5. 
Pilgrims, 37. 

Pine Ridge Agency, Indians surren- 
dered, 1891, 242. 
Pinfa sails, Aug. 3, 1492, 17, 18. 
Piscataqua River. 45. 
Pitcairn, Major, 75. 
Pitcher, Molly, her bravery, 92. 

in battle, view, 92. 
Pitt, William (1708-78), 61. 
Pittsburg, 59. 
founded, 60. 
rioting. 1877, 233. 
so named after William Pitt. 61. 
Pittsbnrt; Landing, battle, 1862, 182. 
Phittslmrg, 1.30. 
Pleasant Hill, encounter at, 215. 



356 



INDEX. 



Plymouth and Massachusetts Puri- 
taus, 41. 
Colony prospers, 39. 

unites with others, 40, 42. 
duriug famine year, l()2i5, .39. 
Forefathers' monument, view, 38. 
landing of Pilgrims, 1«20, 37. 
war averted, 39. 
Plymouth Company, 28. 

attempts colonization, 1606, 29. 
its charter, 29. 

Pocahontas ( 1617), marriage of, 

view, 32. 
married, 1613, 33. 
saves John Smith, 32. 
Poictiers, the, 124. 
Point Isabel. 149, 150. 
"Painted Arrow," 140. 
Political parties recast, 1824, 136. 
Polk, James Knox (1795-1849), ad- 
ministration, 1845-49, 149. 
elected eleventh President, 

1844, 148. 
note on life of, 148. 
portrait, 150. 
Gen. Leonidas (1806-64), also an 
Ei)isc(>pal bishop, 181. 
Polygamists disfranchised, etc., 2.37. 
Ponce de Leon. See Leon. 
Pontiac, North American chief (cir. 

1712-69), 69. 
Poor Richnrd'ti Almn)iac, 91. 
Pope, Gen. John (1823 ), defeat- 
ed, 1862, 194. 
defends Washington, 194. 
enters Island No. 10, 1862, 183. 
Population, first census, 1790, 113. 
Port Republic, defeat of Shields, 

1862, 191. 
Port Royal, Nova Scotia, colony 
founded, 1605, 25. 
captured, 1710, 57. 
name changed to Annapolis, 57. 
Port Royal, S. C., colony at, 24. 

Entrance, forts captured, 1861, 
178. 
Porter, Commodore David D. (1813- 
91), 185. 
ascends Red River, 1864, 215. 
at Wilmington, N. C, 216. 
his death, 1891, 243. 
made vice-admiral, 1866, 226. 
narrow escape with gunboats, 

215. 
portrait, 211. 

Gen. Fitz John ( ), 193. 

captures Hanover Court-house, 
191. 



Portsmouth, settlements near, 1623, 

45. 
Portugal, Columbus at court of, 16. 
Postage rates, 244. 
Potomac, the, 191, 194, 204, 208, 214. 

settlement near, 1634, .54. 
Powell, Lewis (alias Payne), hanged, 

1865, 225. 
Powhatan, war-chief, 32. 

dies, 1618, 35. 
President, the, 121, 123. 
Presidential election, 1876, disputed, 

232. 
Presidential-Succession law, 1886, 

237. 
Presqu' Isle, French fort at, 58. 

Price, General Sterling ( 1867), 

177. 
attack on Corinth, 184. 
Princeton College founded, 1746, 67. 
Princeton, Washington's victory at, 

1777, 85. 
Printing-])resses, 245. 

first at Cambridge, 1639, 66. 
Proctor, General, 125. 

defeated on the Thames, 128. 
Protection, 13.3, 136. 
Providence Plantation settled, 16.36, 

46. 
Providence, R. I., founded, 42. 
Pnebla surrenders, 1847, 153. 
Pulaski, Count Casimir (1748-79), 90. 
his death, 94. 
portrait, 94. 
Puritans, 37, 41. 
character of, 37. 
intolerance of, 41. 

Q. 

Quadrant invented, 245. 
Quakers, persecution of, 41. 
Quebec, 98. 

atta(;ked, 1775, 79. 

captured, 1759, 61-63. 

settlement of, 1608, 25. 

surrendered, 1759, 63. 
Queeustown Heights, British defeat- 
ed, 1812, 122. 

R. 

Railroads destroyed by Federals, 210. 

military possession taken, 1862, 
191. 
Railwiiv, the first, 138. 

strike, 1877, 233. 

the first train, view, 138. 



INDEX. 



357 



Raleigh, Sir Walter (1552-1618), at- 
tem])ts at eoloiiization, 26. 
portrait, 26. 
Rail, Colonel, his death, S4. 
Raiiidan, the, 194, 208. 
liappahaniioek, the, 195. 

crossed by Federals, 1863, 203. 
Reading, disturbances, 1877, 233. 
Red River, 215. 

expedition of Federals failed, 
1864, 215. 
Reno, General, 231. 
Rensselaer, Stephen Van, 122. 
his death, 1840, 146. 
his land rents, 147. 
Republican Party organized, 159. 
Republicans, 111, 114, 136, 1.59, 162, 
217, 227, 230, 232, 234, 237, 
240. 
Eesaca de la Palma, 151, 229. 

Mexicans defeated, 1846, 150. 
Revolution, close of, 102. 
dark days, 83. 
direct cause of, 71. 
effect of the war, 107. 
indirect causes of, 70. 
inevitable, 70. 
oppressive measures by England, 

72. 
war on the ocean, 95. 
Revolutionary War, 245. 
Rhode Island', 101. 

adopts Constitution, 1790, 109. 
adopts State Constitution, 1843, 

146. 
Dorr's rebellion, 1841-43, 146. 
joins New England Union, 1647, 

47. 
Plantation established, 46. 
settlement of, 46. 
Ribaut, Captain .Tolin (cir. 1520-65), 
his cdlduy, 24. 
joins Laudoiiniere, 25. 
Richmond, 176, 180, 204, 208, 212, 
213. 
alarm in, 1862, 189. 
campaign against, 1862, 189. 
campaign against, 1863, 202. 
capital of ConftHleracy, 175. 
Confederate capital, view, 180. 
Davis's remains at, 243. 
environs of, map, 190. 
evacuated, 1865, 220. 
failure of campaign against, 1862, 

193. 
failure of campaign asainst, 1863, 

202. 
final campaign against, 1864, 211. 



Richmond, Hooker's campaign 
against, 1863, 202-204. 
inauguration of Davis and Ste- 
phens, 182. 
Jefferson Davis's residence, view, 

182. 
Johnston's army south of, 218. 
Right of search, Americans forced 

into English service, 119. 
Rio Grande, 149, 151. 
Roanoke Island, 30. 

captured by Federals, 1862, 188. 
settlement near, 1585, 26. 
Rochambeau, Marshal de (1725-1807), 

104. 
" Rock of Chickamauga," 197. 
Rolfe, John, 33. 
Rosecrans, Gen. William Stark (1819- 

), 184, 197. 

attack on, by Bragg, 196. 
occupies Murfreesboro', 1862, 

185. 
takes command, 184. 
" Rough and Ready," 151. 
Russia sold Alaska to United States, 

227. 
Russy, Fort de, captured, 1864, 215. 
Ryswick, treaty, 1697, 56. 

s. 

Sabine Cross-roads, Banks routed, 
1864, 215. 

Sac Indians, 141. 

Sacramento Valley, gold discovered, 
154. 

St. Augel advances money to Colum- 
bus, 17. 

St. Augustine, city gates, view, 23. 
oldest town in United States, 23. 

St. Genevieve settled, 1755, 167. 

St. John's captured, 1775, 79. 

St. John's River, fort on, 25. 

St. Lawrence River, 125. 

discovered by Cartier, 24. 

St. Louis, 178. 
incorporated, 1809, 167. 
settled, 1764, 167. 

St. Mary's, Md., 1634, 54. 

St. Mary, Mich., founded by Jesuits, 
1668, 167. 

St. Paul, Minn., established, 1838, 
168. 

Salem settled, 1628, 41. 

witchcraft, terrors of, 1692, 44. 

Salt Lake City founded by Mormons, 
147. 

Samoset, his friendly welcome, 38. 



358 



INDEX. 



San Antonio garrison routed, lii3. 
San Augustine, 153. 

fii-st permanent settlement, 28. 
San Diego mission established, 1769, 

168. 
San Francisco, 139. 

mission established, 1776, 168. 
jSrtH Jacinto, the, 178. 
San Juan boundary settled, 1872, 

230. 
San Salvador named bv Columl)us, 

19. 
Santa Anna (or Ana), Antonio Lopez 
de (1798-1876), defeated at 
Buena Vista, 152. 
flies, leaving his wooden leg, 

153. 
offers terms, 1847, 153. 
Santa Fe captured, 1846, 152. 
Santa Maria, 18. 

sails, Aug. 3, 1492, 17. 
Savage's Station, engagement at, 

1862, 193. 
Savannah captured, 1778, 93. 

evacuated by Confederates, 1864, 

211. 
occupied by Federals, 1864, 211. 
patriots repulsed, 1779, 93. 
refuge for debtors, 1733, 55. 
Sherman leaves, 1865, 218. 
still held after the v^^ar, 108. 
Saye-and-Sele, Lord (1.582-1662), 45. 
Sciiofield, General Jolin McAllister 

(1831 ), 210. 

takes command, 1865, 218. 
Schools, cost of, 244. 
Scott, General Winfield (1786-1866), 
171. 
and liis staff, view, 174. 
at Lundy's Lane, 1814, 129. 
defeated as Presidential candi- 
date, 18.52, 157. 
in command at Mexico, 152. 
invades Mexico, 151. 
ordered to Charleston, 1832, 

141. 
portrait, 152. 
Seceded States, 225. 

admitted, 1868, 226. 
Sedgwick, General John (cir. 1815- 
64), at Fredericksburg, 203. 
Seminarv Ridge, 206. 
Seminole Indians, 68, 134, 141. 
Semmes, Captain Raphael (cir. 1810- 
77), commander of the Ala- 
bama, 201. 
defeat and attempted suicide, 
216. 



Separatists, 37, 41. 
Serapis, the, fight with, 1779, 96. 
Sermons in colonial times, 65. 
Sewing-machines, 245. 
Seymour, Horatio (1810-86), defeated 
as Presidential candidate, 
1868, 228. 
Shanvon, the, 126. 
"Sharp Knife," 140. 
SlKir].sl)urg, Md., 195. 
Sliiiwncc Indians, 120. 
Slienandoah Valley, 191, 204. 

operations in, 1H64, 213. 
Sheridan, Gen. Philip Henrv (1831- 

• ), 220, 239. 

operations in Shenandoah Val- 

lev, 214. 
portraits, 211, 219. 
Sherman, General William Tecumseh 
(1820-91), 185, 198. 
at Knoxville, 199. 
campaign in the South. 1864, 

209. 
conference with Grant, 1865, 

218. 
his death, 24.3. 
his march northward, 1865, 

218. 
his march to the sea, 1864, 210. 
Johnston's friend, 224. 
made lieutenant-general, 1866, 

226. 
portraits, 209, 211. 
receives Johnston's surrender, 

222. 
reinforces Grant, 1865, 219. 
Shields, General James (1810-79), de- 
feated at Port Republic, 191. 
Shiloh, battle, 1862, 182. 
Shreveport, 215. 

Sibley, General Henry (cir. 1815- 
— -), Federals defeated, 
lS(i2, 195. 
Colonel Henrv H. (1811-63), In- 
dians defeated, 1862, 196. 
Sigel, General Franz (1824 ■), de- 
feated at New ^Market, 213. 
Signers of Dechuation of IndciJcnd- 
ence, fac-simile of signatures, 
81. 
Silver made legal tender, 234. 
Sioux Indians, 196. 
ui)rising, 1.^90-91, 241. 
war, 1S7(), 231. 
Sitting Bull, his arrest and deatli, 
189(), 241. 
massacre liy, 1S76, 231. 
Skating, GG. 



INDEX. 



359 



Skirniislicr, the, wood-cut, 179. 
Slavet-y, Utl. 

abolished in District of Columbia, 

150. 
abolition ratified, 1865, 225. 
burning question, 1857-61, 160. 
debate over admission of Texas, 14S. 
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863, 

196. 
negroes introduced, 1619, 31. 
opposed by Republican party, 1.59. 
question in 1861-65, 170. 
Slavery question, 155. 
Slidell, John (1793-1871), arrest dis- 
avowed and returned, 17K. 
talien from steamer Trent, 178. 
Sloat, Commodore, 152. 
Sloughter, Governor, 49. 
Smith, Captain John (1579-1631), 29, 
32, 33. 
captured by Indians, 31. 
his exploits, 29. 
his services, 31. 
Joseph (1805-44), killed by a mob, 
147. 
Smithsonian Institute, 149. 
Snelling, Fort, Minn., established, 

1819, 168. 
Sonora, revolt at, 159. 
Soto, Hernando de. See De Soto. 
South America partly discovered, 
1499, 20. 
provinces recognized as inde- 
pendent, 1822, 135. 
South Carolina, secession, 1860, 163. 
South Mountain, 204. 

Confederates overtaken at, 195. 
Southern States, secessions, 163, 174. 
Spain and Cuba, 1.57. 
and Florida, 134. 
controlled Mississippi, 1789, 111. 
first settles California, 168. 
sends out expeditions, 20. 
treaty, 1795, 113. 
Spanish Court, Columbus at, 17. 
Specie payments resumed, 1879, 234. 
Spottsvlvania Court-house, battle, 

1864, 212. 
Springfield. 177. 
Stamj) Act, 1765, 71. 

rei)eale(l, 1766, 72. 
Standish, Ca|.t. Miles (cir. 1.584-16.56), 
liis exploits, 39. 
his sword, etc., view, 40. 
Stark, Gen. Jolm (1728-1H22), victory 

at P.iMinington, 86. 
Star of tlir Wrst, the, fired upon, I8(il, 
164. 



" Star-spangled Banner," when writ- 
ten, 131. 
State banks receive United States 

deposits, 140. 
State Rights, 170, 171. 

after Civil War, 225. 
States, admission of, 113, 137, 142. 

growth of the, 164. 
Steadman, Fort, Lee defeated, 1865, 

219. 
Steamboat, the first, 1807, 118, 245. 
Steam locomotive, the first, 1829, 138. 
Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812- 

83), elected Vice-President of 

Confederate States, 1861, 163. 
his Union sjieech, 171. 
re-elected Vice-President of 

Confederate States, 182. 
Stephenson, Fort, attacked, 1.S13, 126. 
Steuben, Baron Frederick (17.30-94), 

inspector-general of the 

army, 90. 
Stewart, Captain Charles (1778-1869), 

117, 123. 
Stockton, Commodore Robert Field 

(1796-1866), 152, 168. 
Stony Point captured by General 

Wayne, 1779, 94. 
Strasburg, 191. 
Strikes, 238. 
Stuart, General James E. B. (cir. 

1833-64), cavalry raid, 1862, 

192. 
his death, 212. 
Stuyvesant, Peter (cir. 1602-82), 

Dutch governor, 1646, 48. 
Sullivan, Gen. John (1740-95), cam- 
paign against Indians, 1778, 

95. 
retreat, 1778, 93. 
Sumner, Gen. Edwin Vose (1796- 

1863), at Fair Oaks, 192. 
Sumner's Crossing, Fredericksburg, 

view, 203. 
Sumter, Fort, attack on, view, 173. 
captured by Confederates, 1861, 

173. 
Major Anderson at, 164. 
no person injured during thirty- 
six hours' firing, 174. 
reduced to ruins, 1863, 200. 
Sumter, General Thomas ( 1734-18.32\ 

100. 
in the South, 103. 
Sundav-schools, ()5. 
Surrat't, Mrs. Marv K., hanged, 1H65, 

225. 
Susan Constant, the, 30. 



360 



INDEX. 



Swamp fight, the, 43. 
"Swamj) Fox," the, 100. 
Swansea attacked by Indians, 43. 
Sweden, early Swedish settlements, .'SO. 

Northmen natives of, 14. 

settlement near Wilmington, Del., 
51. 

T. 

Tampa Bay, Florida, 22. 

landing at, in 153'J, 23. 
Tapiian, 102. 

Tariff bill passed, 1890, 243. 
duties reduced, 141. 
question, nature of, 138. 
Tarleton, Colonel Bannastre (1754- 
1833), defeated at Cowpens, 
102. 
"Taxation without representation," 

71, 72. 
Taylor, General (Dick) Eichard 

( 1879), Banks defeated, 

1864, 215. 
surrendered, 1865, 222. 
General Zachary (1784-1850), 151. 
administration, 1849-53, 1.55. 
called " Eough and Ready," 

151. 
defeats Santa Anna, 152. 
elected twelfth President, 1848, 

155. 
his death, 1850, 155. 
note on life of, 155. 
portrait, 156. 

to protect Texas. 1846, 149. 
victory at Palo Alto, 150. 
Tecumseh icir. 1770-1813), enters 
British service, 121. 
his death, 128. 

war-chief of Shawnees, 69, 120. 
Telegram, first public, 148. 
Telegraph, 245. 
Teleplione, 245. 
Tennes.see, 225. 

becomes sixteenth State, 1796, 113, 

165. 
invaded by Hood, 1864, 210. 
its history, 165. 
left open to Federals, 182. 
secession, 1861, 174. 
Tennessee, East, 179. 

opened to Federals, 1863, 199. 
River, 18.3. 

Western, gained bv Federals, 183. 
Tensas, Lake, 128. 

Terry, General Alfred H. (1827- 
), 218. 



Terry, General Alfred H., Wilming- 
ton, N. C, captured, 1M()4, 216. 
Texas applies for admission, 1844, 
148. 
becomes independent republic, 
1836, 168. 
twentv-eighth State, 1845, 149, 
168. 
ceded Territory of New Mexico, 
156. 
to United States, 154. 
debate over admission, 148. 
independence declared, 1835, 168. 

recognized, 148. 
its history, 167. 
secession, 163. 

War of Independence, 18.35, 148. 
Thames, victory of the, 1813, 128. 
Thomas, General George H. (1816- 
70), at Chickamauga, 197. 
at Murfreesboro', 184. 
called "Rock of Chickamauga," 

197. 
defeats Hood, 1864, 210. 
portraits, 197, 211. 
takes Orchard Knob, 1863, 198. 

Rev. Dr. ( 1873), murdered in 

Modoc War, 231. 
Thornton, Captain, surrender of, 149. 
Thurman, Allen G., defeated as Vice- 
Presidential candidate, 1888, 
240. 
Ticouderoga, Fort, attack upon, 61. 
captured, 1775, 78. 
evacuated, 1777, 86. 
Tilden, Samuel Jones (1814-86), de- 
feated as Presidential candi- 
date, 1876, 232. 
Tippecanoe, battle, 1811, 121. 
"To the victors belong the spoils," 

139. 
Tobacco inti'oduced into England, 

26. 
Toleration Act, 1649, 54. 
Tories favored royalty, 73. 
Toronto. See Yorh. 
Trent, aflair of the, 1861, 178. 
Trenton, battle, 1776, 84. 

welcomes Washington, 1789, 110. 
Tripoli defeated, 117. 

war declared by, 1801, 117. 
Twiller, Wouter van, Dutch gover- 
nor, 1633, 48. 
Tyler. .Tohn (1790-1862). 148 

administration, 1841-45, 145. 
becomes tenth President, 1841, 

145, 146. 
elected Vice-President, 1840, 145. 



INDEX. 



361 



Tyler, John, liis iiupt) pillar acts, 145. 
note on life of, IK!, 
portrait, ll."). 

presides at Peace Convention, 
171. 

u. 

Union sentiment in Nortli and South, 

171. 
United States Bank, 140. 

charter granted, l.'^17, 132. 

not renewed, ls:j2, 140. 
new charter twice vetoed, 145. 
United States becomes a nation, 107. 
cities of 10,000 population and 

ui)wards, 244. 
condition of country after Revo- 
lutionary War, 107. 
Confederates seize government 

propertv, 164. 
cost of War" of 1812, 132. 
danger from States being inde- 
pendent of each other, 108. 
eighteen States during War of 

1812, l(j(i. 
era of prosperity, 133. 
exploits of navy, 122, 123. 
extent of territiory, 18D1, 244. 
tirst railway, 1826, 138. 
fortv-four stars on tlag, 1891, 

'243. 
in peril from its armv, 108. 
panic of 1837, 142-144. 
peace and progress, 223. 
population, 1891, 244. 
progress of country, 137. 
sixty thousand post offices, 244. 
true reunion of, 223. 
War of 1812, close of, 129. 
United States, the, 124, 126. 
Utah, 147, 168. 

Territory organized, 156. 
Utes and wigwam, view, 67. 
Utrecht, treaty of, 57. 



Valley Forge, 101. 

Washington in prayer, view, 89. 
Washington's headquarters at, 
view, 88. 
winter quarters, 88. 
Valverdo, Federals defeated, 1862, 

195. 
Van Buren. See Bnren. 
Van Dorn, (Jeneral Earl (cir. 1823- 
63), attacks Corinth, 184. 
25 



Van Dorn, General Earl, destroys 

Grant's supplies, 185. 
Vera Cruz, 229. 

fall of, 1.S47, 152. 
Vermont liecomes fourteenth State, 
1791, 113. 
its history, 165. 

signifies "Green Mountain," 1()5. 
Veriazani, Giovanni (cir. 1486-1527), 
his theory of size of globe, 
24. 
Vespucci, Amerigo. See Ves2)Helus. 
Vespucius, Americus (1451-1512), 20. 
Vicksburg captured, 1863, 199. 
environs, map, 201. 
General Pemberton's headquarters, 

view, 185. 
siege of, 1862, 185. 
surrendered, 1863, 200. 
Virginia, 10.3, 225. 
authorities hang John Brown, 162. 
bad government, 33. 
claims against Lord Baltimore, 54. 

section west of Allegbauies, 58. 
colony prospers, 36. 
entered by Federals, 195. 
four of tirst five Presidents from, 

132. 
made a royal jtrovince, 1624, 35. 
method of government, 34. 
named after Elizabeth, 26. 
prosperity of settlers, 34. 
secession, 1861, 174. 
settlement of, 33. 
seventeen capital offences in, 66. 
.sutlerings during " Starving Time " 
(1609-10), 32. 
of settlers, 31. 
the Great Charter, 33. 
war breaks out between Virginians 
and French, 59. 
Virginia currency, w'ood-cut, 89. 
Virginia, North, 28. 
South, 28. 

West, becomes thirtv-fifth State, 
1863, 204. 
Volunteers, call for, 174. 

100,000 respond in three days, 175. 

w. 

Wadsworth, Captain, hides charter 

in oak, 46. 
Wagner, Fort, cai)tured, 1863, 200. 
Walker, (Jeneral William (1824-60), 

executed, 1.59. 
his filibustering expedition, 

159. 



362 



INDEX. 



Wallace defeated at Moiiocat-y, ^11. 

War of 1812, 245. 

Warren, General Ciouverneur K. 

(1825-82), 220. 
Warwick, Earl of, 45. 
Wasliiiiutoii, 241). 

becoiiK'S national capital, 1800, 1 1'?. 
Capitol, etc. burned, 1M4, KJO. 
captured, 1814. i::o. 
Ford's Theatre, Lincoln assassi- 
nated, 221. 
Lee's march against, li)4. 
Peace Convention, 18(J1, 171. 
threatened, 175, 191. 

by Early, 1864, 214. 
White House, view, 112. 
Washington becomes forty-second 

State, 1889, 243. 
Washington, Fort, captured with 

2000 Americans, 1776, 83. 
Washington, (4eorge (1732-99), 58, 86, 
91, 92, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 
104, 192. 
administration of. 1789-97, 107. 
advi.ses General Braddock, 59. 
appointed commander-iu-chief, 

1775, 77. 
as a statesnnxn, 111. 
at Morristown, 1779-80, 101. 
chosen first President, 109. 
death, 1799, 115. 
defeated at White Plains, 83. 

near Brooklyn, 83. 
his tactics, 85. 

inauguration as President, 110. 
in battle at Duquesne, 59. 
in ])raver at Valley Forge, view, 

89. 
journey through the wilderness, 
.58." 
to New York, 1789, 110. 
made commander-in-chief again, 

115. 
note on his life, 109. 
portrait, 107. 

re-elected President, 1792, 112. 
retires to private life, 106. 
retreat through New Jersey, 83. 
sufferings of his army, 1777-78, 

88. 
urged to become king, 108. 
visits wounded Hessian com- 
mander, view, 84. 
Washijigton Monument, 1885, 2."57. 
IFa.sj*, the. captun'd, 124. 
Waterford, French fort at, 58. 
Wayne, General Anthony (1745-96), 
called "Mad Anthony," 94. 



Wavne, General Anthony, jwrtrait, 

!)4. 
victory on the Maumee, 112. 
Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), supports 

Fugitive-slave law, 157. 
Weddings, 66. 
West Point, 99. 
Wheeler, William A. ( • -), 

elected Vice-President, 1876, 

232. 
Whigs, 136, 140, 145, 1.55, 157, 1.59. 

opposed royalty, 73. 
Whiskey Insurrection, 1794, 112. 
White House. 192. 

communications \vith, endan- 
gered, 193. 
White House Landing, 190. 
White, .Tohii, governor of colony, 26. 
White Plains, Washington defeated, 

1776, 83. 
Whitehaven, Cumberland, Paul .Tones 

at, 96. 
Whitney, Eli (1765-1825*, and the 

cotton-gin, 245. 
Wilderness, battle of the, 1864, 212. 
Wilkes. Captain (Jharles (1801-77), 

takes Mason and Slidellfrom 

the Trent, 178. 
Wilkinson, General James (1757- 

1825), 125. 
William and Mary College founded, 

1692, 67. 
Williamsburg, 58. 

battle, 1862, 189. 
Williams, Roger (1599-1683), 46, 47. 
banishment of, 41. 
his liight, view, 42. 
William's War, King, 1689-97, 56. 
Wilmington, Del., Swedes settle near, 

1638, 51. 
Wilmington, N. C, 218. 
captured, 1864, 216. 
Wilson, Henry (1812-75), elected 

Vice-President, 1872, 230. 
Wilson's Creek, Mo., Federals de- 
feated. 1861, 177. 
Winchester, Early defeated. 1864, 

214. 
Windsor, trading-post established, 

45. 
Winslow, Captain John A. (1811-73), 

his victory, 216. 
Winter quarters of the armies, Janu- 
ary to May, 1777, 86. 
severe, 1779-80, "lOO. 
Winthrop, (Tovernor John (1.588- 

1649), founder of Boston, 41. 
portrait, 41. 



INDEX. 



363 



Wirz, Captain, hanged, 1805, 225. 
Wisconsin, Kid 

becomes thirtieth State, 1848, 155, 

168. 
its historj, 168. 

organized as a Territory, 1836, 
168. 
Witchcraft at Salem, 44. 
Wolfe, General James (1726-59), cap- 
ture of Louisburg, 60. 
his death, 1759, 62. 
his death, view, 62. 
takes Quebec, 61-63. 
Wool, General John E. (1789-1869), 
151. 
sent to subdue insurgents, 
144. 
World believed to be round, 15. 
Worth, General William Jenkins 
(1794-1849), 142. 
at Monterey, 151. 
Wounded Knee Creek conflict, 1890, 
241. 



Wright, Governor Silas (1795-1847), 

147. 
Wyoming, 168. 

becomes forty-four t-li State, 1890, 

243. 
Wyoming, Valley of, massacre, 1778, 

95. 

Y. 

Yale College founded, 1700,67. 
Yazoo Kiver, Sherman at mouth of, 

185. 
Yeardlev, Governor Sir George, 34. 
York, James, Duke of (1633-1701), 

49. 
York (now Toronto) attacked, 125. 

Eiver. 193. y 

Yorktown, 108. 

Cornwallis at, 103. 

siege of, 1862, 189. 

surrender at, 1781, 104, 106. 

surrender at, view, 104. 



^v 



r?^ 



Lb 20 



